About the Authors

Hussein M. Abkallo

Affiliations Malaria Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Agents, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Julie-Anne Tangena

Affiliations Malaria Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Jianxia Tang

Affiliation Malaria Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Nobuyuki Kobayashi

Affiliation Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Agents, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Megumi Inoue

Affiliation Malaria Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Augustin Zoungrana

Affiliation Malaria Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Nick Colegrave

Affiliation Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Richard Culleton

richard@nagasaki-u.ac.jp

Affiliation Malaria Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: RC. Performed the experiments: HMA JAT JT MI AZ RC. Analyzed the data: HMA JAT RC NC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RC NK. Wrote the paper: HMA JAT RC NC.