About the Authors

Kei Sato

Contributed equally to this work with: Kei Sato, Junko S. Takeuchi

ksato@virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Affiliation Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan

Junko S. Takeuchi

Contributed equally to this work with: Kei Sato, Junko S. Takeuchi

Affiliation Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan

Naoko Misawa

Affiliation Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan

Taisuke Izumi

Current address: Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan

Affiliation Viral Mutation Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America

Tomoko Kobayashi

Current address: Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan

Affiliation Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan

Yuichi Kimura

Affiliation Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan

Shingo Iwami

Affiliation Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan

Akifumi Takaori-Kondo

Affiliation Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan

Wei-Shau Hu

Affiliation Viral Recombination Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America

Kazuyuki Aihara

Affiliations Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Mamoru Ito

Affiliation Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan

Dong Sung An

Affiliations Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America, AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Vinay K. Pathak

Affiliation Viral Mutation Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America

Yoshio Koyanagi

Affiliation Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan

Competing Interests

The authors declare that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: KS TI VKP YKo. Performed the experiments: KS JST NM TI TK YKi. Analyzed the data: KS JST NM TI TK YKi SI. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: NM SI ATK WSH KA MI DSA. Wrote the paper: KS VKP YKo.