About the Authors

Lauren A. Hirao

Contributed equally to this work with: Lauren A. Hirao, Irina Grishina

Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America

Irina Grishina

Contributed equally to this work with: Lauren A. Hirao, Irina Grishina

Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America

Olivier Bourry

Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America

William K. Hu

Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America

Monsicha Somrit

Affiliation Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America

Sumathi Sankaran-Walters

Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America

Chris A. Gaulke

Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America

Anne N. Fenton

Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America

Jay A. Li

Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America

Robert W. Crawford

Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America

Frank Chuang

Affiliation Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America

Ross Tarara

Affiliation Department of Primate Medicine, California National Primate Center, Davis, California, United States of America

Maria L. Marco

Affiliation Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America

Andreas J. Bäumler

Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America

Holland Cheng

Affiliation Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America

Satya Dandekar

Sdandekar@ucdavis.edu

Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Performed the experiments: LAH IG. Analyzed the data: LAH IG. Wrote the paper: LAH IG SD. Performed in vitro IL-1β experiments: OB. Assisted with microarray analysis: WKH ANF. Performed EM experiments: MS HC. Performed viral load analysis: SSW. Prepared bacteria and performed bacteriology: RWC CAG. Assisted with IF and IHC experiments: FC JAL. Performed pathology assessment: RT. Advised with Lactobacillus work: MLM. Advised with Salmonella work: AJB. Designed and supervised the study: SD.