About the Authors

Caroline Lacroux

Affiliation UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France

Emmanuel Comoy

Contributed equally to this work with: Emmanuel Comoy, Mohammed Moudjou

Affiliation CEA, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (iMETI), Division of Prions and Related Diseases (SEPIA), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France

Mohammed Moudjou

Contributed equally to this work with: Emmanuel Comoy, Mohammed Moudjou

Affiliation UR892 Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires Centre de Recherche de Jouy-en-Josas, Jouy-en-Josas, France

Armand Perret-Liaudet

Affiliation Hospices Civils de Lyon –Laboratoire Diagnostic Maladies à Prions; CNRS, INSERM, UCB Lyon1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, BioRan, Bron, France

Séverine Lugan

Affiliation UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France

Claire Litaise

Affiliation UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France

Hugh Simmons

Affiliation VLA Weybridge, ASU, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom

Christelle Jas-Duval

Affiliation EFS-Nord de France, Quai de Jemmapes, Lille, France

Isabelle Lantier

Affiliation INRA, UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France

Vincent Béringue

Affiliation UR892 Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires Centre de Recherche de Jouy-en-Josas, Jouy-en-Josas, France

Martin Groschup

Affiliation Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany

Guillaume Fichet

Affiliations UR892 Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires Centre de Recherche de Jouy-en-Josas, Jouy-en-Josas, France, Franklab, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France

Pierrette Costes

Affiliation UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France

Nathalie Streichenberger

Affiliation UR892 Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires Centre de Recherche de Jouy-en-Josas, Jouy-en-Josas, France

Frederic Lantier

Affiliation INRA, UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France

Jean Philippe Deslys

Affiliation CEA, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (iMETI), Division of Prions and Related Diseases (SEPIA), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France

Didier Vilette

Affiliation UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France

Olivier Andréoletti

o.andreoletti@envt.fr

Affiliation UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: EC APL HS VB DV OA. Performed the experiments: CLa MM SL CLi CJD IL VB MG GF PC NS FL JPD DV OA. Analyzed the data: EC VB DV OA. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: EC APL HS MG JPD. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: CLa EC HS VB DV OA.