About the Authors

Hangfei Qi

Affiliation Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

C. Anders Olson

Affiliation Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Nicholas C. Wu

Affiliation The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Ruian Ke

Affiliation Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Claude Loverdo

Affiliation Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Virginia Chu

Affiliation Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Shawna Truong

Affiliation Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Roland Remenyi

Affiliation Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Zugen Chen

Affiliation Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Yushen Du

Affiliation Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Sheng-Yao Su

Affiliations Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

Laith Q. Al-Mawsawi

Affiliation Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Ting-Ting Wu

Affiliation Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Shu-Hua Chen

Affiliation Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

Chung-Yen Lin

Affiliation Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

Weidong Zhong

Affiliation Department of Infectious Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America

James O. Lloyd-Smith

Affiliations Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Ren Sun

rsun@mednet.ucla.edu

Affiliations Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America, The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

Competing Interests

There is no conflict of interest, including Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research. This does not alter our adherence to all PLOS Pathogens policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: HQ CAO RS. Performed the experiments: HQ VC ST RR ZC. Analyzed the data: HQ NCW YD SYS SHC CYL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RK CL RR LQAM TTW WZ JOLS. Wrote the paper: HQ CAO RS RK JOLS.