About the Authors

Irini Sereti

isereti@niaid.nih.gov

Affiliation National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Jacob D. Estes

Affiliation Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America

William L. Thompson

Affiliation National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

David R. Morcock

Affiliation Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America

Margaret A. Fischl

Affiliation University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America

Thérèse Croughs

Affiliation Cytheris, Paris, France

Stéphanie Beq

Affiliation Cytheris, Paris, France

Sylvie Lafaye de Micheaux

Affiliation Cytheris, Paris, France

Michael D. Yao

Affiliation National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Alexander Ober

Affiliation National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Eleanor M. P. Wilson

Affiliation National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Ven Natarajan

Affiliation Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America

Hiromi Imamichi

Affiliation National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Mohamed R. Boulassel

Current address: Department of Hematology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman.

Affiliation McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Michael M. Lederman

Affiliation Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Jean-Pierre Routy

JPR is the holder of Louis Lowenstein Chair in Hematology & Oncology, McGill University.

Affiliation McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Competing Interests

TC, SLdM and SB were Cytheris employees and shareholders at the time of the study conduct and completion; the remaining authors report no conflicts of interest. This does not alter our adherence to all PLoS Pathogens policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: IS JDE MML JPR. Performed the experiments: JDE WLT DRM SB HI VN EMPW MDY MRB. Analyzed the data: IS JDE WLT DRM HI VN EMPW SB TC SLdM AO MAF. Wrote the paper: IS JDE WLT DRM MAF TC SB SLdM MDY AO EMPW VN HI MRB MML JPR. Involved in the clinical care of participants: IS MAF AO TC SLdM MML JPR. Performed all the gut biopsies: MDY MRB. Monitored the study and managed all the data and the clinical database: TC SLdM.