About the Authors

Martin T. Ferris

mtferris@email.unc.edu

Affiliations Carolina Vaccine Institute, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Pacific Northwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Portland, Oregon, United States of America

David L. Aylor

Affiliation Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Daniel Bottomly

Affiliations Pacific Northwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America

Alan C. Whitmore

Affiliation Carolina Vaccine Institute, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Lauri D. Aicher

Affiliations Pacific Northwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Timothy A. Bell

Affiliation Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Birgit Bradel-Tretheway

Affiliations Pacific Northwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Janine T. Bryan

Affiliations Pacific Northwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Ryan J. Buus

Affiliation Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Lisa E. Gralinski

Affiliations Carolina Vaccine Institute, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Bart L. Haagmans

Affiliation Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

Leonard McMillan

Affiliation Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Darla R. Miller

Affiliation Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Elizabeth Rosenzweig

Affiliations Pacific Northwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

William Valdar

Affiliation Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Jeremy Wang

Affiliation Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Gary A. Churchill

Affiliation The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America

David W. Threadgill

Affiliation Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America

Shannon K. McWeeney

Affiliations Pacific Northwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America

Michael G. Katze

Affiliations Pacific Northwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena

Affiliations Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Pacific Northwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Ralph S. Baric

Affiliations Carolina Vaccine Institute, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Mark T. Heise

Affiliations Carolina Vaccine Institute, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Pacific Northwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MTF DLA LEG GAC DWT MGK FPMdV RSB MTH. Performed the experiments: MTF DLA DB ACW LDA TAB RJB BLH ER. Analyzed the data: MTF DLA DB WV SKM FPMdV MTH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MTF DLA DB BBT JTB BLH LM DRM WV JW SKM MGK FPMdV. Wrote the paper: MTF DLA DB SKM FPMdV MTH.