About the Authors

Kun Li

Contributed equally to this work with: Kun Li, Ruben M. Markosyan, Yi-Min Zheng

Affiliation Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America

Ruben M. Markosyan

Contributed equally to this work with: Kun Li, Ruben M. Markosyan, Yi-Min Zheng

Affiliation Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Yi-Min Zheng

Contributed equally to this work with: Kun Li, Ruben M. Markosyan, Yi-Min Zheng

Affiliation Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America

Ottavia Golfetto

Affiliation Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America

Brittani Bungart

Affiliation Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America

Minghua Li

Affiliation Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America

Shilei Ding

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Yuxian He

Affiliation MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

Chen Liang

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

James C. Lee

Affiliation Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America

Enrico Gratton

Affiliation Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America

Fredric S. Cohen

Affiliation Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Shan-Lu Liu

liushan@missouri.edu

Affiliation Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SLL. Performed the experiments: KL RMM YMZ OG BB ML SD. Analyzed the data: SLL FSC EG JCL CL YH KL RMM YMZ OG BB ML SD. Wrote the paper: SLL FSC EG KL YMZ OG.