About the Authors

Giovanni Sitia

Contributed equally to this work with: Giovanni Sitia, Matteo Iannacone

sitia.giovanni@hsr.it (GS); iannacone.matteo@hsr.it (MI); guidotti@scripps.edu (LGG)

Affiliation Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

Matteo Iannacone

Contributed equally to this work with: Giovanni Sitia, Matteo Iannacone

sitia.giovanni@hsr.it (GS); iannacone.matteo@hsr.it (MI); guidotti@scripps.edu (LGG)

Affiliations Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy, Immune Disease Institute and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Roberto Aiolfi

Affiliation Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

Masanori Isogawa

Affiliation Department of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Nico van Rooijen

Affiliation Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Cristina Scozzesi

Affiliation DiaPro Diagnostic Bioprobes, Milan, Italy

Marco E. Bianchi

Affiliations Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

Ulrich H. von Andrian

Affiliation Immune Disease Institute and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Francis V. Chisari

Affiliation Department of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Luca G. Guidotti

sitia.giovanni@hsr.it (GS); iannacone.matteo@hsr.it (MI); guidotti@scripps.edu (LGG)

Affiliations Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy, Department of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal's policy and have the following conflicts: MEB is founder and part owner of HMGBiotech, a company that provides goods and services related to HMGB proteins. CS works at DiaPro Diagnostic Bioprobes, a company that provides goods and services related to a variety of diagnostics. The authors have no additional financial interests.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: G. Sitia, M. Iannacone, F. Chisari, L. Guidotti. Performed the experiments: G. Sitia, M. Iannacone, R. Aiolfi, M. Isogawa, L. Guidotti. Analyzed the data: G. Sitia, M. Iannacone, R. Aiolfi, M. Isogawa, U. von Andrian, F. Chisari, L. Guidotti. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: N. van Rooijen, C. Scozzesi, M. Bianchi. Wrote the paper: G. Sitia, M. Iannacone, F. Chisari, L. Guidotti.