About the Authors

Ricardo S. Ramiro

ricardo.ramiro@ed.ac.uk

Affiliation Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

João Alpedrinha

Affiliations Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal

Lucy Carter

Affiliation Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Andy Gardner

Affiliations Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal, Balliol College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Sarah E. Reece

Affiliations Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: RSR SER. Performed the experiments: RSR LC. Analyzed the data: RSR SER. Wrote the paper: RSR JA LC AG SER. Developed the theoretical models: JA AG.