About the Authors

Bryan W. Davies

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Ryan W. Bogard

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Nicole M. Dupes

Affiliation Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Tyler A. I. Gerstenfeld

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Lyle A. Simmons

Affiliation Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

John J. Mekalanos

jmekalanos@hms.harvard.edu.

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: BWD RWB LAS JJM. Performed the experiments: BWD RWB NMD TAIG. Analyzed the data: BWD RWB NMD TAIG LAS JJM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BWD RWB LAS JJM. Wrote the paper: BWD RWB TAIG LAS JJM.