About the Authors

Edward A. Lin

edward.lin@med.nyu.edu

Affiliation Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America

Xue-Song Zhang

Affiliation Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America

Steven M. Levine

Affiliation Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America

Steven R. Gill

Affiliation Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine, Buffalo, New York, United States of America

Daniel Falush

Affiliation Mathematical Genetics Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Martin J. Blaser

Affiliations Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America, VA Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: EAL XSZ SML MJB. Performed the experiments: EAL XSZ SRG. Analyzed the data: EAL XSZ SML DF MJB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: EAL SRG DF MJB. Wrote the paper: EAL XSZ MJB.