About the Authors

Ying-Jie Lu

Contributed equally to this work with: Ying-Jie Lu, Jane Gross, Debby Bogaert

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jane Gross

Contributed equally to this work with: Ying-Jie Lu, Jane Gross, Debby Bogaert

Affiliations Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Debby Bogaert

Contributed equally to this work with: Ying-Jie Lu, Jane Gross, Debby Bogaert

Affiliations Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Departments of Epidemiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Adam Finn

Affiliation Departments of Clinical Sciences at South Bristol, Academic Unit of Child Health, and of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Linda Bagrade

Affiliation Departments of Clinical Sciences at South Bristol, Academic Unit of Child Health, and of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Qibo Zhang

Affiliation Departments of Clinical Sciences at South Bristol, Academic Unit of Child Health, and of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Jay K. Kolls

Affiliation Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Amit Srivastava

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Anna Lundgren

Affiliation Göteborg University Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Göteborg University, Sweden

Sophie Forte

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Claudette M. Thompson

Affiliation Departments of Epidemiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Kathleen F. Harney

Affiliation Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Porter W. Anderson

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Marc Lipsitch

Co-senior authors.

Affiliation Departments of Epidemiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Richard Malley

richard.malley@childrens.harvard.edu

Co-senior authors.

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: YJL JG DB AF LB QZ JKK AS AL CMT KFH PWA ML RM. Performed the experiments: YJL JG DB AF LB QZ AS AL SF CMT PWA ML RM. Analyzed the data: YJL JG DB AF LB QZ JKK AS AL SF CMT PWA ML RM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YJL DB JKK KFH RM. Wrote the paper: PWA ML RM.