About the Authors

Martha I. Nelson

Affiliation Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Laurel Edelman

Affiliation Surveillance Data Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, United States of America

David J. Spiro

Affiliation The J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Alex R. Boyne

Affiliation The J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Jayati Bera

Affiliation The J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Rebecca Halpin

Affiliation The J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Elodie Ghedin

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Mark A. Miller

Affiliation Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Lone Simonsen

Affiliation Department of Global Health, School of Public Health and Health Services, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America

Cecile Viboud

Affiliation Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Edward C. Holmes

ech15@psu.edu

Affiliations Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MIN ECH. Performed the experiments: DJS ARB JB RH EG. Analyzed the data: MIN. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LE. Wrote the paper: MIN LE DJS ARB JB RH EG MAM LS CV ECH. Advised on epidemiological aspects of the paper: MAM LS CV.