About the Authors

Karim Suwwan de Felipe

Affiliations Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biophysical Studies, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Microbiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America

Robert T. Glover

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America

Xavier Charpentier

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America

O. Roger Anderson

Affiliation Division of Biology and Paleo Environment, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, United States of America

Moraima Reyes

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America

Christopher D. Pericone

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America

Howard A. Shuman

has7@columbia.edu

Affiliations Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biophysical Studies, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Microbiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: KSdF RTG XC ORA CDP HAS. Performed the experiments: KSdF RTG XC ORA MR CDP. Analyzed the data: KSdF RTG XC ORA MR HAS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KSdF XC ORA CDP. Wrote the paper: KSdF RTG HAS.