About the Authors

Weimin Liu

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Michael Worobey

Affiliation University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America

Yingying Li

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Brandon F. Keele

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Frederic Bibollet-Ruche

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Yuanyuan Guo

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Paul A. Goepfert

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Mario L. Santiago

Affiliation Gladstone Institute for Virology and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Jean-Bosco N. Ndjango

Affiliation Faculties of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo

Cecile Neel

Affiliations Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France, Projet Prevention du Sida ou Cameroun (PRESICA), Yaoundé, Cameroun

Stephen L. Clifford

Affiliation Centre International de Recherches Medicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon

Crickette Sanz

Affiliation Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

Shadrack Kamenya

Affiliation Gombe Stream Research Centre, The Jane Goodall Institute, Tanzania

Michael L. Wilson

Affiliation Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

Anne E. Pusey

Affiliation Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America

Nicole Gross-Camp

Affiliation Antioch New England Graduate School, Keene, New Hampshire, United States of America

Christophe Boesch

Affiliation Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

Vince Smith

Affiliation The Gorilla Organization, Kigali, Rwanda

Koichiro Zamma

Affiliation Great Ape Research Institute, Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories, Okayama, Japan

Michael A. Huffman

Affiliation Section of Ecology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan

John C. Mitani

Affiliation Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

David P. Watts

Affiliation Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Martine Peeters

Affiliation Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France

George M. Shaw

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

William M. Switzer

Affiliation Laboratory Branch, National Center for HIV/AIDS, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Paul M. Sharp

Affiliation Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Beatrice H. Hahn

bhahn@uab.edu

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: WL MW GS PS BH. Performed the experiments: YL BK FB YG MS. Analyzed the data: WL MW PS BH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PG JN CN SC CS SK MW AP NG CB VS KZ MH JM DW MP WS. Wrote the paper: WL MW AP JM GS WS PS BH.