About the Authors

Fiona E. Lovegrove

Affiliations Institute of Medical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, McLaughlin-Rotman Centre for Global Health, McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Sina A. Gharib

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Lourdes Peña-Castillo

Affiliation Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Samir N. Patel

Affiliation McLaughlin-Rotman Centre for Global Health, McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

John T. Ruzinski

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Timothy R. Hughes

Affiliations McLaughlin-Rotman Centre for Global Health, McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Medical Genetics and Microbiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

W. Conrad Liles

Contributed equally to this work with: W. Conrad Liles, Kevin C. Kain

Affiliations Institute of Medical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, McLaughlin-Rotman Centre for Global Health, McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Kevin C. Kain

Contributed equally to this work with: W. Conrad Liles, Kevin C. Kain

kevin.kain@uhn.on.ca

Affiliations Institute of Medical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, McLaughlin-Rotman Centre for Global Health, McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: FL WL KK. Performed the experiments: FL SP JR. Analyzed the data: FL SG LP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LP TH. Wrote the paper: FL SG WL KK.