About the Authors

Karen A Duca

Contributed equally to this work with: Karen A Duca, Michael Shapiro

Affiliations Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America , Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghanna, West Africa

Michael Shapiro

Contributed equally to this work with: Karen A Duca, Michael Shapiro

Affiliations Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America , Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Edgar Delgado-Eckert

Affiliations Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America , Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America , Zentrum Mathematik der Technischen Universität, München, Garching bei München, Germany

Vey Hadinoto

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Abdul S Jarrah

Affiliation Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America

Reinhard Laubenbacher

Affiliation Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America

Kichol Lee

Affiliation Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America

Katherine Luzuriaga

Affiliation Pediatrics and Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America

Nicholas F Polys

Affiliations Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America , Research and Cluster Computing, Virginia Tech Information Technology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America

David A Thorley-Lawson

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: david.thorley-lawson@tufts.edu

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

K. Duca and D. Thorley-Lawson conceived, designed, and led the project. D. Thorley-Lawson wrote the paper. He provided the biological driving questions that motivated the development of PathSim, and contributed biological input at all stages of development and critical evaluation of output. K. Duca participated in model selection and design and helped write the paper. M. Shapiro managed software development and software quality assurance, contributed to evaluation of resulting output, and helped write this paper. E. Delgado-Eckert ran the simulation, organized output, and produced the graphs used in this paper. He also contributed intellectual content and helped write the paper. V. Hadinoto performed the biological experiments. A. Jarrah contributed to the design of PathSim. R. Laubenbacher provided input into simulation design and implementation. K. Lee wrote most of the simulation engine software. K. Luzuriaga provided clinical samples. N. Polys produced the visualization engine.