About the Authors
- Martha I Nelson
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Affiliation Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Lone Simonsen
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Affiliation National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Cecile Viboud
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Affiliation Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Mark A Miller
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Affiliation Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Jill Taylor
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Affiliation Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Kirsten St George
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Affiliation Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Sara B Griesemer
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Affiliation Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Elodie Ghedin
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Affiliation The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Naomi A Sengamalay
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Affiliation The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- David J Spiro
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Affiliation The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Igor Volkov
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Affiliation Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Bryan T Grenfell
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Affiliations Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America , Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- David J Lipman
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Affiliation National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Jeffery K Taubenberger
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Affiliation Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Edward C Holmes
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*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ech15@psu.edu
Affiliations Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America , Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author Contributions
MIN and ECH conceived the study and wrote the paper, with contributions from all other authors. JT, KSG, and SGB collected the viral samples. EG, NAS, and DJS undertook the viral genome sequencing. LS, CV, MAM, and BTG advised on epidemiological aspects of the study. MIN, IV, and ECH performed the sequence analysis. DJL and JKT wrote the paper.