About the Authors

Mary K Lewinski

Affiliation Infectious Disease Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Masahiro Yamashita

Affiliation Divisions of Human Biology and Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Michael Emerman

Affiliation Divisions of Human Biology and Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Angela Ciuffi

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Heather Marshall

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Gregory Crawford

Affiliation National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Francis Collins

Affiliation National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Paul Shinn

Affiliation Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Jeremy Leipzig

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Sridhar Hannenhalli

Affiliation Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Charles C Berry

Affiliation Department of Family/Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Joseph R Ecker

Affiliation Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Frederic D Bushman

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: bushman@mail.med.upenn.edu

Affiliations Infectious Disease Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America , Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

MKL, MY, ME, AC, JL, SH, CCB, and FDB conceived and designed the experiments. MKL, MY, AC, HM, PS, JL, SH, and CCB performed the experiments. MKL, MY, ME, AC, HM, GC, FC, PS, JL, SH, CCB, and FDB analyzed the data. MKL, MY, ME, AC, HM, GC, FC, JRE, and FDB contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools. MKL, CCB, and FDB wrote the paper.