Fig 1.
Music sequences of eight tones to be performed with one hand on the piano keyboard.
Top panel is the main sequence (sequence 1) with 8 pitches and the finger assignments. Each finger was associated with a color marked with colored tape on the keyboard. Two alternative transfer sequences were also created: Sequence 2 (middle panel) involves the sequence of fingers F1-F2-F3-F4-F1-F2-F3-F4, that is inverting the second and the third notes from the original sequence; and Sequence 3 (bottom panel) involves the sequence of fingers F1-F3-F2-F4-F1-F3-F2-F4, that is inverting notes 6 and 7 from the original sequence.
Fig 2.
Motion capture markers and set-up.
The left panel depicts the 4 markers placed on the participant's right hand. One marker is placed on each finger. The right panel depicts the configuration of the cameras and the speaker around the piano keyboard.
Fig 3.
The study procedure, depicting the practice phase and a test phase.
A, B, C, D, E, F indicate practice tempi. For groups 1 and 2, A = 350ms and B = 450ms. For groups 3 and 4, A = 250ms, B = 300ms, C = 350ms, D = 450ms, E = 500ms, F = 550ms.
Fig 4.
Mean timing and movement variability for the practice trials.
Top row: Mean timing coefficients of variation for the 144 practice trials, with standard errors for each trial, reported for each practice group by Tempo Set and Order. Bottom row: Mean movement smoothness values for the 144 practice trials with standard errors for each trial, reported for each practice group.
Fig 5.
Mean timing coefficients of variation and learning rates.
Mean timing coefficients of variation and fit of power law for the first 24 learning trials at the specific tempo 350ms, with standard error bars, by Tempo Set and Order. Right panel: Mean learning rates from power law fit to individual data with standard error bars, applied to coefficients of variation from the first 24 learning trials at 350ms by Tempo Set and Order.
Fig 6.
Top row: Mean timing coefficients of variation with standard error bars by Tempo Set and Order, for each test tempo: novel tempo 200ms (left), learned tempo 350ms (middle), and novel tempo 400ms (right). Middle row: Mean signed timing deviation with standard error bars by Tempo Set and Order, for each test tempo. Bottom row: Mean movement smoothness with standard error bars by Tempo Set and Order, for each test tempo.
Fig 7.
Top row: Mean timing coefficients of variation with standard error bars by Tempo Set and Order, for practiced Sequence 1 (at 350ms), transfer Sequences 2 and 3 (performed at 350ms). Middle row: Mean signed timing deviation with standard error bars by Tempo Set and Order, for each test sequence. Bottom row: Mean movement smoothness with standard errors by Tempo Set and Order, for each test sequence.
Fig 8.
Correlations between timing and movement variability.
Inter-individuals' correlation between the mean movement variability (movement smoothness) and the mean timing variability (timing IOI CVs) computed across the practice phase (left panel), test at practiced tempo 350ms (middle panel), and transfer tempo 400ms (panel right).