About the Authors

Karen E. Ocwieja

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Scott Sherrill-Mix

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Changchun Liu

Affiliation Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Jinzhao Song

Affiliation Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Haim Bau

Affiliation Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Frederic D. Bushman

bushman@mail.med.upenn.edu

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: KEO SS CL HB FDB. Performed the experiments: KEO SS CL JS. Analyzed the data: KEO SS CL HB FDB JS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KEO SS CL HB FDB. Wrote the paper: KEO SS CL HB FDB.