Fig 1.
Flow chart of study design and experiments performed.
*Denotes that the treatment technique was not included in all efficacy evaluation tests. FDSU was not included in Arm-in-cage assays and HDC was not included in the cone assays.
Table 1.
Standardised WHOPES cone test using three clothing types Factory-dipped clothing (FDC), Micro-encapsulated (MC), Factory-dipped school uniform (FDSU).
Knockdown (KD) at 3 minutes, 1 hour post exposure and mortality 24 hours post exposure were recorded and are displayed with 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 2.
WHOPES arm-in-cage biting and landing full coverage protection for three different clothing impregnation methods; factory-dipped clothing (FDC), micro-encapsulated (MC), hand dipped clothing (HDC).
Protection is measured against the control clothing (FCC) for both biting and landing, Whiskers correspond to 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 3.
One hour knockdown and 24 hour mortality of factory dipped clothing after using WHO and machine washing techniques after a 3 minute exposure to clothing.
Whiskers correspond to 95% confidence intervals
Fig 4.
Permethrin content (mg/cm2) of WHO bottle and machine washed materials at 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 & 30 washes.
Whiskers correspond to 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 5.
Permethrin content (mg/cm2) of treated material exposed to UV-light, ironing and washing in combination.
Whiskers correspond to 95% confidence intervals. Clothing was exposed to a combination of UV, Ironing and Washing in combination; 1 day (1 wash, 20min UV, 30 seconds Ironing); 1 week (2 washes, 100 min UV, 1 minute Ironing), 1 month (8 washes, 400 min UV,4 minutes ironing), 3 months (24 washes, 1200 min UV, 12 minutes ironing).
Fig 6.
Permethrin content (mg/cm2) of treated material exposed to ironing.
Whiskers correspond to 95% confidence intervals. Clothing was exposed to Ironing for 0 seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 4 minutes and 12 minutes to simulate 0, 1 day, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months exposure.
Fig 7.
Permethrin content (mg/cm2) of treated material exposed to UV-light.
Whiskers correspond to 95% confidence intervals. Clothing was exposed to UV-light for 0 seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 4 minutes and 12 minutes to simulate 0, 1 day, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months exposure.