About the Authors

Elizabeth A. Cromwell

Roles Investigation, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

eac27@uw.edu

Affiliations Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Joshua C. P. Osborne

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Thomas R. Unnasch

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation GlobalHealth Infectious Disease, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America

Maria-Gloria Basáñez

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis (MRC-GIDA), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Katherine M. Gass

Roles Conceptualization, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America

Kira A. Barbre

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America

Elex Hill

Roles Data curation, Software, Visualization

Affiliation Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Kimberly B. Johnson

Roles Visualization

Affiliation Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Katie M. Donkers

Roles Data curation, Software

Affiliation Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Shreya Shirude

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Software, Supervision

Affiliation Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Chris A. Schmidt

Roles Data curation, Software, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Victor Adekanmbi

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Population Health Sciences, King’s College London, London, England

Olatunji O. Adetokunboh

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa

Mohsen Afarideh

Roles Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Ehsan Ahmadpour

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

Muktar Beshir Ahmed

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia, Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

Temesgen Yihunie Akalu

Roles Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Ziyad Al-Aly

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Montana, United States of America, Clinical Epidemiology Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, Montana, United States of America

Fahad Mashhour Alanezi

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

Turki M. Alanzi

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Health Information Management and Technology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

Vahid Alipour

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Catalina Liliana Andrei

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

Fereshteh Ansari

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

Mustafa Geleto Ansha

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia

Davood Anvari

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran, Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran

Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah

Roles Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany

Jalal Arabloo

Roles Investigation, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Benjamin F. Arnold

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Marcel Ausloos

Roles Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania

Martin Amogre Ayanore

Roles Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana

Atif Amin Baig

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Unit of Biochemistry, Sultan Zainal Abidin University (Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia

Maciej Banach

Roles Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland, Polish Mothers’ Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland

Aleksandra Barac

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

Till Winfried Bärnighausen

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Mohsen Bayati

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Krittika Bhattacharyya

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India, Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India

Zulfiqar A. Bhutta

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan

Sadia Bibi

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture—Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan

Ali Bijani

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

Somayeh Bohlouli

Roles Data curation, Software, Validation

Affiliation Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran

Mahdi Bohluli

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan, Iran, Department of Research and Innovation, Petanux Research GmBH, Bonn, Germany

Oliver J. Brady

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Nicola Luigi Bragazzi

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

Zahid A. Butt

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Felix Carvalho

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

Souranshu Chatterjee

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Microbiology & Infection Control, Medanta Medicity, Gurugram, India

Vijay Kumar Chattu

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Soosanna Kumary Chattu

Roles Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana

Natalie Maria Cormier

Roles Data curation, Software, Visualization

Affiliation Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Saad M. A. Dahlawi

Roles Conceptualization, Validation

Affiliation Environmental Health Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

Giovanni Damiani

Roles Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Clinical Dermatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Farah Daoud

Roles Formal analysis, Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Aso Mohammad Darwesh

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq

Ahmad Daryani

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

Kebede Deribe

Roles Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

Daniel Diaz

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico

Hoa Thi Do

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Health Economics and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam

Maysaa El Sayed Zaki

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Reference Laboratory of Egyptian Universities Hospitals, Ministry of Higher Education and Research, Cairo, Egypt

Maha El Tantawi

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

Demelash Abewa Elemineh

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Statistics, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia

Anwar Faraj

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Political Science, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq

Majid Fasihi Harandi

Roles Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medical Parasitology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

Yousef Fatahi

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Nanotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Valery L. Feigin

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia

Eduarda Fernandes

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

Nataliya A. Foigt

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine

Masoud Foroutan

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran

Richard Charles Franklin

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia

Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Family and Community Medicine, University Of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq

Davide Guido

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology

Affiliation Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute IRCCS (Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta), Milan, Italy

Yuming Guo

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Department of Epidemiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, China

Arvin Haj-Mirzaian

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software

Affiliations Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Kanaan Hamagharib Abdullah

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation College of Law and Political Science, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq

Samer Hamidi

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Claudiu Herteliu

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania, School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom

Hagos Degefa de Hidru

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis

Affiliation Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia

Tarig B. Higazi

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, Ontario, United States of America

Naznin Hossain

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh

Mehdi Hosseinzadeh

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam, Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq

Mowafa Househ

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar

Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

Milena D. Ilic

Roles Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia

Irena M. Ilic

Roles Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

Usman Iqbal

Roles Data curation, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Ira

Ravi Prakash Jha

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India, Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

Farahnaz Joukar

Roles Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran, Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak

Roles Conceptualization, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland

Zubair Kabir

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

Leila R. Kalankesh

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

Rohollah Kalhor

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran, Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran

Behzad Karami Matin

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

Salah Eddin Karimi

Roles Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization

Affiliation Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

Amir Kasaeian

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Taras Kavetskyy

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Applied Physics, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland, Department of Biology & Chemistry, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Drohobych, Ukraine

Gbenga A. Kayode

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands

Ali Kazemi Karyani

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

Abraham Getachew Kelbore

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Dermatology, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia

Maryam Keramati

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

Rovshan Khalilov

Roles Investigation, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan, Institute of Radiation Problems, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan

Ejaz Ahmad Khan

Roles Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan

Md Nuruzzaman Nuruzzaman Khan

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Population Sciences, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

Khaled Khatab

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio, United States of America

Mona M. Khater

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

Neda Kianipour

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

Kelemu Tilahun Kibret

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia

Yun Jin Kim

Roles Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia

Soewarta Kosen

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia

Kris J. Krohn

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Dian Kusuma

Roles Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

Carlo La Vecchia

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Van Charles Lansingh

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Medical Director, HelpMeSee, New York, New York, United States of America, General Director, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico

Paul H. Lee

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

Kate E. LeGrand

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Shanshan Li

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Joshua Longbottom

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Radiology Department, Egypt Ministry of Health and Population, Mansoura, Egypt

Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ophthalmology Department, Ministry of Health & Population, Aswan, Egypt

Afshin Maleki

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Environmental Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran

Abdullah A. Mamun

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia

Ali Manafi

Roles Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Plastic Surgery Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Navid Manafi

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, School of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Mohammad Ali Mansournia

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Caucaia, Brazil

Mohsen Mazidi

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Colm McAlinden

Roles Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom

Birhanu Geta Meharie

Roles Validation

Affiliation Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia

Walter Mendoza

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru

Endalkachew Worku Mengesha

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

Desalegn Tadese Mengistu

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia

Seid Tiku Mereta

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia

Tomislav Mestrovic

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia, University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia

Ted R. Miller

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland, United States of America, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia

Mohammad Miri

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Environmental Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran, Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran

Masoud Moghadaszadeh

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran

Reza Mohammadpourhodki

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Kashmar Center of Higher Health Education, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

Shafiu Mohammed

Roles Investigation, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany, Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

Salahuddin Mohammed

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, United States of America, Department of Pharmacy, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan, Ethiopia

Masoud Moradi

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

Rahmatollah Moradzadeh

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran

Paula Moraga

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia

Jonathan F. Mosser

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Mehdi Naderi

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Clinical Research Development Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India, Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India

Gurudatta Naik

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Ionut Negoi

Roles Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania, Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

Cuong Tat Nguyen

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam

Huong Lan Thi Nguyen

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam

Trang Huyen Nguyen

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Rajan Nikbakhsh

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Bogdan Oancea

Roles Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

Tinuke O. Olagunju

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Andrew T. Olagunju

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria

Ahmed Omar Bali

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq

Obinna E. Onwujekwe

Roles Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria

Adrian Pana

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania, Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania

Hadi Pourjafar

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran, Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran

Fakher Rahim

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Community Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College & Hospital, Solan, India

Priya Rathi

Roles Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

Salman Rawaf

Roles Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom

David Laith Rawaf

Roles Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom

Reza Rawassizadeh

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Serge Resnikoff

Roles Validation

Affiliations School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia

Melese Abate Reta

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

Aziz Rezapour

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Enrico Rubagotti

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Research in Congenital Anomalies and Rare Diseases, ICESI University (Centro de Investigaciones en Anomalías Congénitas y Enfermedades Raras, Universidad Icesi), Cali, Colombia

Salvatore Rubino

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy

Ehsan Sadeghi

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Software, Validation

Affiliation Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

Abedin Saghafipour

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Public Health, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Qom, Iran, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran

S. Mohammad Sajadi

Roles Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Phytochemistry, Soran University, Soran, Iraq, Department of Nutrition, Cihan University, Erbil, Iraq

Abdallah M. Samy

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Bogota, Colombia, National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain

Monika Sawhney

Roles Data curation, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America

Megan F. Schipp

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Amira A. Shaheen

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine

Masood Ali Shaikh

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan

Morteza Shamsizadeh

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life, and Social Welfare, Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life and Social Welfare, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden, Borås, Sweden

Kiomars Sharafi

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

Aziz Sheikh

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

B. Suresh Kumar Shetty

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India

Jae Il Shin

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea

K. M. Shivakumar

Roles Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Public Health Dentistry Department, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India

Biagio Simonetti

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliations Department of Law, Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy, WSB University in Gdańsk, Gdansk, Poland

Jasvinder A. Singh

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America, Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Eirini Skiadaresi

Roles Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Llanelli, United Kingdom

Amin Soheili

Roles Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Nursing Care Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran

Shahin Soltani

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

Emma Elizabeth Spurlock

Roles Data curation, Software

Affiliation Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

Takahiro Tabuchi

Roles Data curation, Software

Affiliation Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan

Leili Tapak

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran, Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

Robert L. Thompson

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Alan J. Thomson

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Global Health Research, Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

Eugenio Traini

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands

Bach Xuan Tran

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam

Irfan Ullah

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Allied Health Sciences, Iqra National University, Peshawar, Pakistan

Saif Ullah

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture—Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan

Chigozie Jesse Uneke

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology/Parasitology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria

Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan

Roles Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India

Olalekan A. Uthman

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

Natalie V. S. Vinkeles Melchers

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Control of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands

Francesco S. Violante

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, Occupational Health Unit, Sant’Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy

Haileab Fekadu Wolde

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Tewodros Eshete Wonde

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia

Tomohide Yamada

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Sanni Yaya

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran, Department of Health Management, Policy, and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

Paul Yip

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Naohiro Yonemoto

Roles Conceptualization, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan, Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan

Hebat-Allah Salah A. Yousof

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

Chuanhua Yu

Roles Data curation, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

Yong Yu

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China

Hasan Yusefzadeh

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Health care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran

Leila Zaki

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

Sojib Bin Zaman

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations The School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Maryam Zamanian

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran

Zhi-Jiang Zhang

Roles Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

Yunquan Zhang

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

Arash Ziapour

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

Simon I. Hay

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

David M. Pigott

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: WM is Program Analyst in Population and Development at the United Nations Population Fund-UNFPA Country Office in Peru, institution which not necessarily endorses this study. JAS reports personal fees from Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, UBM LLC, Trio health, Medscape, WebMD, Clinical Care options, Clearview healthcare partners, Putnam associates, Focus forward, Navigant consulting, Spherix, Practice Point communications, the National Institutes of Health, the American College of Rheumatology, Simply Speaking. JAS reports other contributions from Amarin, Viking, Moderana and Vaxart pharmaceuticals. JAS reports non-financial support from the FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee, the Steering committee of OMERACT, an international organization that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arms length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies, the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee, and the Editor and the Director of the UAB Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis.