Evaluation of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for the prevention of COVID-19 (COPCOV): A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

• William H. K. Schilling ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: william@tropmedres.ac

  Affiliations Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6328-8748

  ⨯
• Mavuto Mukaka,

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5036-6583

  ⨯
• James J. Callery,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3218-2166

  ⨯
• Martin J. Llewelyn,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom, Department of Microbiology and Infection, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6811-1124

  ⨯
• Cintia V. Cruz,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Mehul Dhorda,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7849-3293

  ⨯
• Thatsanun Ngernseng,

  Roles Data curation, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

  ⨯
• Naomi Waithira,

  Roles Data curation, Resources, Software, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Maneerat Ekkapongpisit,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

  ⨯
• James A. Watson,

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5524-0325

  ⨯
• Arjun Chandna,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1313-7922

  ⨯
• Erni J. Nelwan,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangukusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4064-5412

  ⨯
• Raph L. Hamers,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

  ⨯
• Anthony Etyang,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1267-6422

  ⨯
• Mohammad Asim Beg,

  Roles Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1788-5349

  ⨯
• Samba Sow,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Bamako, Mali

  ⨯
• William Yavo,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centre de Recherche et de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Institut National de Santé Publique, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

  ⨯
• Aurel Constant Allabi,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Faculty of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin

  ⨯
• Buddha Basnyat,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal

  ⨯
• Sanjib Kumar Sharma,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Dharan, Nepal

  ⨯
• Modupe Amofa-Sekyi,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Zambart, University of Zambia School of Public Health, Lusaka, Zambia

  ⨯
• Paul Yonga,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Fountain Health Care Hospital, Fountain Projects and Research Office (FOPRO), Eldoret, Kenya

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1991-9992

  ⨯
• Amanda Adler,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Diabetes Trials Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Prayoon Yuentrakul,

  Roles Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

  ⨯
• Tanya Cope,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2586-5388

  ⨯
• Janjira Thaipadungpanit,

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

  ⨯
• Panuvit Rienpradub,

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

  ⨯
• Mallika Imwong,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0857-1855

  ⨯
• Mohammad Yazid Abdad,

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Stuart D. Blacksell,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6576-726X

  ⨯
• Joel Tarning,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4566-4030

  ⨯
• Frejus Faustin Goudjo,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Coordination of Allada Ze Toffo Health Zone, Adjian, Benin

  ⨯
• Ange D. Dossou,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation National Public Health Laboratory, Cotonou, Benin

  ⨯
• Abibatou Konaté-Touré,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centre de Recherche et de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Institut National de Santé Publique, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

  ⨯
• Serge-Brice Assi,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de Santé, Publique, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire

  ⨯
• Kra Ouffoué,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bouaké, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire

  ⨯
• Nasronudin Nasronudin,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia, Universitas Airlangga Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia

  ⨯
• Brian Eka Rachman,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia, Universitas Airlangga Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9113-1297

  ⨯
• Pradana Zaky Romadhon,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia, Universitas Airlangga Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia

  ⨯
• Didi Darmahadi Dewanto,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Husada Utama Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia

  ⨯
• Made Oka Heryana,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Husada Utama Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7170-1750

  ⨯
• Theresia Novi,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Husada Utama Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5912-0205

  ⨯
• Ayodhia Pitaloka Pasaribu,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatra Utara, Medan, Indonesia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3830-8073

  ⨯
• Mutiara Mutiara,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Murni Teguh Hospital, Medan, Medan, Indonesia

  ⨯
• Miranda Putri Rahayu Nasution,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Murni Teguh Hospital, Medan, Medan, Indonesia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9556-572X

  ⨯
• Khairunnisa Khairunnisa,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Murni Teguh Hospital, Medan, Medan, Indonesia

  ⨯
• Fauzan Azima Dalimunthe,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatra Utara, Medan, Indonesia

  ⨯
• Eka Airlangga,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Bunda Thamrin Hospital, Medan, Indonesia

  ⨯
• Akmal Fahrezzy,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Bunda Thamrin Hospital, Medan, Indonesia

  ⨯
• Yanri Subronto,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health And Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/ Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6367-4884

  ⨯
• Nur Rahmi Ananda,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

  ⨯
• Mutia Rahardjani,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

  ⨯
• Atika Rimainar,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8983-747X

  ⨯
• Ruth Khadembu Lucinde,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6926-8556

  ⨯
• Molline Timbwa,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya

  ⨯
• Otieno Edwin Onyango,

  Roles Data curation, Project administration, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya

  ⨯
• Clara Agutu,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya

  ⨯
• Samuel Akech,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya

  ⨯
• Mainga Hamaluba,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0266-1414

  ⨯
• Jairus Kipyego,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Fountain Health Care Hospital, Fountain Projects and Research Office (FOPRO), Eldoret, Kenya

  ⨯
• Obadiah Ngachi,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Fountain Health Care Hospital, Fountain Projects and Research Office (FOPRO), Eldoret, Kenya

  ⨯
• Fadima Cheick Haidara,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Bamako, Mali

  ⨯
• Oumar Y. Traoré,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Bamako, Mali

  ⨯
• François Diarra,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Bamako, Mali

  ⨯
• Basudha Khanal,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Dharan, Nepal

  ⨯
• Piyush Dahal,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Dharan, Nepal

  ⨯
• Suchita Shrestha,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal

  https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5349-5385

  ⨯
• Samita Rijal,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal

  ⨯
• Youssouf Kabore,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Epicentre, Niamey, Niger

  ⨯
• Eric Adehossi,

  Roles Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, Faculté des Science de la Santé, Niamey, Niger

  ⨯
• Ousmane Guindo,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Epicentre, Niamey, Niger

  ⨯
• Farah Naz Qamar,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4173-680X

  ⨯
• Abdul Momin Kazi,

  Roles Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8253-1777

  ⨯
• Charles J. Woodrow,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Infectious Diseases Department, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom, University of Oxford, Medical Sciences Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5134-7165

  ⨯
• Steven Laird,

  Roles Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4216-0438

  ⨯
• Maina Cheeba,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Zambart, University of Zambia School of Public Health, Lusaka, Zambia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8392-3323

  ⨯
• Helen Ayles,

  Roles Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Zambart, University of Zambia School of Public Health, Lusaka, Zambia, Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4108-2842

  ⨯
• Phaik Yeong Cheah,

  Roles Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Walter R. J. Taylor,

  Roles Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6236-0464

  ⨯
• Elizabeth M. Batty,

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8559-452X

  ⨯
• Kesinee Chotivanich,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

  ⨯
• Sasithon Pukrittayakamee,

  Roles Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

  ⨯
• Weerapong Phumratanaprapin,

  Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5896-1961

  ⨯
• Lorenz von Seidlein,

  Roles Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0282-6469

  ⨯
• Arjen Dondorp,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5190-2395

  ⨯
• Nicholas P. J. Day,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Nicholas J. White,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1897-1978

  ⨯
•  [ ... ],
• on behalf of the COPCOV Collaborative Group

  ¶¶ Membership of COPCOV Collaborative Group provided in Supporting Information file S1 Text.

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