Changes in the associations of race and rurality with SARS-CoV-2 infection, mortality, and case fatality in the United States from February 2020 to March 2021: A population-based cohort study

• George N. Ioannou ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: georgei@medicine.washington.edu

  Affiliations Divisions of Gastroenterology, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1796-8977

  ⨯
• Jacqueline M. Ferguson,

  Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, California, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0027-387X

  ⨯
• Ann M. O’Hare,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Nephrology, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

  ⨯
• Amy S. B. Bohnert,

  Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4426-1136

  ⨯
• Lisa I. Backus,

  Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Veterans Affairs, Population Health, Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8058-8366

  ⨯
• Edward J. Boyko,

  Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation General Internal Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3695-192X

  ⨯
• Thomas F. Osborne,

  Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, and Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8896-2487

  ⨯
• Matthew L. Maciejewski,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America, Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America, Division of General Internal Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1765-5938

  ⨯
• C. Barrett Bowling,

  Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Durham Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Durham, NC and Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

  ⨯
• Denise M. Hynes,

  Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Center of Innovation to Improve Veteran Involvement in Care, VA Portland Healthcare System, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Health Management and Policy, School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Health Data and Informatics Program, Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America

  ⨯
• Theodore J. Iwashyna,

  Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

  ⨯
• Melody Saysana,

  Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

  ⨯
• Pamela Green,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software

  Affiliation Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

  ⨯
• Kristin Berry

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

  ⨯