About the Authors

Jennifer OKeeffe

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors share first authorship on this work.

Affiliation Center for Humanitarian Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Lindsay Salem-Bango

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors share first authorship on this work.

Affiliation Center for Humanitarian Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Michael R. Desjardins

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Spatial Science for Public Health Center, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Daniele Lantagne

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Lancon Environmental, LLC, Somerville, Massachusetts, United States of America

Chiara Altare

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Humanitarian Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Gurpreet Kaur

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Humanitarian Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Thomas Heath

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Action contre la Faim, Paris, France

Kanaganathan Rangaiya

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Action contre la Faim, Abuja, Nigeria

Patricia Oke-Oghene Obroh

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Action contre la Faim, Abuja, Nigeria

Ahmadu Audu

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Action contre la Faim, Abuja, Nigeria

Baptiste Lecuyot

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Solidarités International, Paris, France

Timothée Zoungrana

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Solidarités International, Paris, France

Emmanuel Emeka Ihemezue

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Solidarités International, Maiduguri, Nigeria

Solomon Aye

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Solidarités International, Maiduguri, Nigeria

Mustafa Sikder

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Humanitarian Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Shannon Doocy

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Humanitarian Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Qiulin Wang

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Humanitarian Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Melody Xiao

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Humanitarian Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Paul B. Spiegel

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

pbspiegel@jhu.edu

Affiliation Center for Humanitarian Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.