About the Authors

Miriam Samuel

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

m.samuel@qmul.ac.uk

Affiliation Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

Robin Y. Park

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Sophie V. Eastwood

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Fabiola Eto

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

Caroline E. Morton

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom, Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Daniel Stow

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

Sebastian Bacon

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Amir Mehrkar

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Jessica Morley

Roles Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Iain Dillingham

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Peter Inglesby

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Resources, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

William J. Hulme

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Kamlesh Khunti

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Diabetes Research Centre, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

Rohini Mathur

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

Jonathan Valabhji

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Brian MacKenna

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Sarah Finer

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

The OpenSAFELY Collaborative

Membership of the OpenSAFELY collaborative is provided in the Acknowledgements.

Competing Interests

MS salary costs have been supported through a National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) funded academic clinical fellowship in primary care (ACF-2017-19-006) and NIHR grant funding (NIHR AI-MULTIPLY Consortium NIHR203982) https://www.nihr.ac.uk/. RYP is supported by the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Health Data Science (EP/S02428X/1). RYP was previously employed as a data scientist for the Bennet Institute which is funded by grants from the Bennett Foundation, Wellcome Trust, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley, Mohn-Westlake Foundation. SVE has been funded by a Diabetes UK Sir George Alberti research training fellowship (grant number: 17/0005588) and University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Cardiovascular theme. FE salary cost is supported by MRC (MR/S027297/1) “Multimorbidity, clusters, trajectories and genetic risk in British south Asians, 2020-2023”. DS is funded by the NIHR (NIHR203982). AM is a senior clinical researcher at the University of Oxford in the Bennett Institute, which is funded by grants from the Bennett Foundation, Wellcome Trust, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley, Mohn-Westlake Foundation. AM has consulted for https://inductionhealthcare.com/. AM has represented the RCGP in the health informatics group and the Professional Advisory Group that advises on access to GP Data for Pandemic Planning and Research (GDPPR); the latter role is paid. AM is a former employee and Chief Medical Officer of NHS Digital (having left NHS Digital in January 2020). AM has consulted for health care vendors, the last time in 2022; the companies consulted in the last 3 years have no relationship to OpenSAFELY. RM is supported by Barts Charity (MGU0504). JV was the National Clinical Director for Diabetes and Obesity at National Health Service (NHS) England from April 2013 to September 2023 and is funded by the Imperial National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre and North-West London NIHR Applied Research Collaboration. BMK is also employed by NHS England. KK is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration East Midlands (ARC EM) and the NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). KK has acted as a consultant, speaker or received grants for investigator-initiated studies for Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis, Lilly and Merck Sharp & Dohme, Boehringer Ingelheim, Oramed Pharmaceuticals, Roche and Applied Therapeutics. SF has received grants from the NIHR (NIHR 31672, NIHR 202635) and MRC (MR/W014416/1, MR/V004905/1, MR/S027297/1). SF, RM, CM are part of the Genes & Health programme, which is part-funded (including salary contributions) by a Life Sciences Consortium comprising Astra Zeneca PLC, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development Limited, Maze Therapeutics Inc, Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, Novo Nordisk A/S, Pfizer Inc, Takeda Development Centre Americas Inc. This research used data assets made available as part of the Data and Connectivity National Core Study, led by Health Data Research UK in partnership with the Office for National Statistics and funded by UK Research and Innovation (grant ref MC_PC_20058). In addition, the OpenSAFELY Platform is supported by grants from the Wellcome Trust (222097/Z/20/Z); MRC (MR/V015757/1, MC_PC-20059, MR/W016729/1); NIHR (NIHR135559, COV-LT2-0073), and Health Data Research UK (HDRUK2021.000, 2021.0157).