About the Authors

Marlous Hall

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

m.s.hall@leeds.ac.uk

Affiliations Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

Lesley Smith

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Leeds Institute for Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

Jianhua Wu

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

Chris Hayward

Roles Formal analysis, Software, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

Jonathan A. Batty

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

Paul C. Lambert

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Biostatistics Research Group, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Harry Hemingway

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom, Health Data Research UK, University College London, London, United Kingdom, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University College London, London, United Kingdom, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany

Chris P. Gale

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, Department of Cardiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: MH declares research grant income from the Wellcome Trust, British Heart Foundation and Alan Turing Institute. JAB declares research grant income from the Wellcome Trust. CPG has received funding, not in relation to this study, from Abbott Diabetes, Bristol Myers Squibb and the European Society of Cardiology, and consulting fees from AI Nexus, AstraZeneca, Amgen, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehrinher-Ingleheim, CardioMatics, Chiesi, Daiichi Sankyo, GPRI Research B.V., Menarini, Novartis, iRhyth, Organon as well as payment for honoraria or lectures from AstraZeneca, Boston Scientific, Menarini, Novartis, Raisio Group, Wondr Medical, Zydus. CPG declares participation on Data Safety Monitoring or Advisory boards for the DANBLCOK and TARGET CTCA trials and editorial and committee membership of the NICE Indicator Advisory Committee, EHJ Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes and ESC Quality Indicator Committee. CH, LS, JW, HH, and PCL have no competing interests to declare.