About the Authors

Margaret L. Lind

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Margaret.Lind@yale.edu (MLL); Albert.Ko@yale.edu (AIK)

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Alexander J. Robertson

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Julio Silva

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Frederick Warner

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Andreas C. Coppi

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Nathan Price

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Chelsea Duckwall

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Peri Sosensky

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Erendira C. Di Giuseppe

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Ryan Borg

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Mariam O. Fofana

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Otavio T. Ranzani

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain, Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil

Natalie E. Dean

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Jason R. Andrews

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Julio Croda

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Fiocruz Mato Grosso do Sul, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Campo Grande, Brazil, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil

Akiko Iwasaki

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America

Derek A. T. Cummings

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft

‡ These authors are joint senior authors and contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America

Albert I. Ko

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Margaret.Lind@yale.edu (MLL); Albert.Ko@yale.edu (AIK)

‡ These authors are joint senior authors and contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil

Matt D. T. Hitchings

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors are joint senior authors and contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions & College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America

Wade L. Schulz

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors are joint senior authors and contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: A.I.K serves as an expert panel member for Reckitt Global Hygiene Institute, scientific advisory board member for Revelar Biotherapeutics and a consultant for Tata Medical and Diagnostics and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, and has received grants from Merck, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and Tata Medical and Diagnostics for research related to COVID-19. W.L.S. was an investigator for a research agreement, through Yale University, from the Shenzhen Center for Health Information for work to advance intelligent disease prevention and health promotion; collaborates with the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases in Beijing; is a technical consultant to Hugo Health, a personal health information platform, and co-founder of Refactor Health, an AI-augmented data management platform for healthcare; and has received grants from Merck and Regeneron Pharmaceutical for research related to COVID-19. Other authors declare no conflict of interest. M.O.F had past stock ownership in GlaxoSmithKline. MDTH reports a contract (to the University of Florida) from Merck, Sharp and Dohme to perform research unrelated to this project.