About the Authors

Isabel Bergeri

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

bergerii@who.int

‡ IB, MW, HW, and LS share first authorship on this work. NB, RKA, and MDVK are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Mairead G. Whelan

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ IB, MW, HW, and LS share first authorship on this work. NB, RKA, and MDVK are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Harriet Ware

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ IB, MW, HW, and LS share first authorship on this work. NB, RKA, and MDVK are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Lorenzo Subissi

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ IB, MW, HW, and LS share first authorship on this work. NB, RKA, and MDVK are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Anthony Nardone

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, Epiconcept, Paris, France

Hannah C. Lewis

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo

Zihan Li

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Xiaomeng Ma

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Marta Valenciano

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, Epiconcept, Paris, France

Brianna Cheng

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Lubna Al Ariqi

Roles Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt

Arash Rashidian

Roles Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India

Joseph Okeibunor

Roles Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo

Tasnim Azim

Roles Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India

Pushpa Wijesinghe

Roles Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India

Linh-Vi Le

Roles Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines

Aisling Vaughan

Roles Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark

Richard Pebody

Roles Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark

Andrea Vicari

Roles Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas (Pan American Health Organization), Washington DC, United States of America

Tingting Yan

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Mercedes Yanes-Lane

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation COVID-19 Immunity Task Force Secretariat, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

Christian Cao

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

David A. Clifton

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Matthew P. Cheng

Roles Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Jesse Papenburg

Roles Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

David Buckeridge

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Division of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Niklas Bobrovitz

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

‡ IB, MW, HW, and LS share first authorship on this work. NB, RKA, and MDVK are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliations Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

Rahul K. Arora

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ IB, MW, HW, and LS share first authorship on this work. NB, RKA, and MDVK are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliations Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Maria D. Van Kerkhove

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

‡ IB, MW, HW, and LS share first authorship on this work. NB, RKA, and MDVK are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Unity Studies Collaborator Group

Membership of Unity Studies Collaborator Group is provided in S1 Acknowledgments.

Competing Interests

I have read the journal policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: RKA, MW, HW, ZL, XM, CC, MYL, DB, JP, MPC, ML, MS, GRD, NI, CZ, SP, HPR, TY, KCN, DK, SAA, ND, CD, NAD, EL, RKI, ASB, ELB, AS, JC and NB report grants from Canada’s COVID-19 Immunity Task Force through the Public Health Agency of Canada, and the Canadian Medical Association Joule Innovation Fund. RKA, MW, HW, ZL, CC, MYL, NB also report grants from the World Health Organisation and the Robert Koch Institute. RKA reports personal fees from the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Strategic Investment Fund, as well as equity in Alethea Medical (Outside the submitted work). MPC reports grants from McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity and Canadian Institute of Health Research, and personal fees from GEn1E Lifesciences (Outside the submitted work), nplex biosciences (Outside the submitted work), Kanvas biosciences (Outside the submitted work). JP reports grants from MedImmune (Outside the submitted work) and Sanofi-Pasteur (Outside the submitted work), grants and personal fees from Merck (Outside the submitted work) and AbbVie (Outside the submitted work), and personal fees from AstraZeneca (Outside the submitted work). DB reports grants from the World Health Organization, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (Outside the submitted work), Institute national d excellence en sante et service sociaux (Outside the submitted work), and personal fees from McGill University Health Centre (Outside the submitted work) and Public Health Agency of Canada (Outside the submitted work). CC reports funding from Sanofi Pasteur (Outside of the submitted work). TY reports working for Health Canada as a part-time Senior Policy Analyst with the COVID-19 Testing and Screening Expert Panel, from Nov 2020-Jun 2021 (Outside of the submitted work). TH reports funding recieved from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for Columbia University (Outside of the submitted work). Author HCL declares receiving funding as a WHO consultant from WHO Solidarity Response Fund and the German Federal Ministry of Health COVID-19 Research and Development.