About the Authors

Christopher A. Martin

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, Department of Infection and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom

Daniel Pan

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, Department of Infection and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom

Carl Melbourne

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Genetic Epidemiology Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

Lucy Teece

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Biostatistics Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

Avinash Aujayeb

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Respiratory Department, Northumbria Specialist Emergency Care Hospital, United Kingdom

Rebecca F. Baggaley

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

Luke Bryant

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Resources, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

Sue Carr

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom, General Medical Council, London, United Kingdom

Bindu Gregary

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Lancashire Clinical Research Facility, Royal Preston Hospital, United Kingdom

Amit Gupta

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom

Anna L. Guyatt

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

Catherine John

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

I Chris McManus

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom

Joshua Nazareth

Roles Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, Department of Infection and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom

Laura B. Nellums

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Population and Lifespan Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom

Rubina Reza

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Research & Development, Derbyshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, United Kingdom

Sandra Simpson

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom

Martin D. Tobin

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

Katherine Woolf

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom

Stephen Zingwe

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Research and Development Department, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, United Kingdom

Kamlesh Khunti

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

Keith R. Abrams

Roles Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, United Kingdom

Laura J. Gray

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Biostatistics Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

Manish Pareek

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

manish.pareek@leicester.ac.uk

Affiliations Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, Department of Infection and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom

UK-REACH Study Collaborative Group

Membership of UK-REACH Study Collaborative Group is provided in the Acknowledgments.

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: MDT has had research collaborations with GlaxoSmithKline and Orion Pharma unrelated to the current work. KK is Director of the University of Leicester Centre for Black Minority Ethnic Health, Trustee of the South Asian Health Foundation and Chair of the Ethnicity Subgroup of the UK Government Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE). SC is Deputy Medical Director of the General Medical Council, UK Honorary Professor, University of Leicester. MP reports grants from Sanofi, grants and personal fees from Gilead Sciences and personal fees from QIAGEN, outside the submitted work. ALG Co-investigator on UK-REACH, which is supported by a grant from the MRC-UK Research and Innovation (MR/V027549/1) and the Department of Health and Social Care through the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) rapid response panel to tackle COVID-19. Past funding by internal fellowships at the University of Leicester from the Wellcome Trust Institutional Strategic Support Fund (204801/Z/16/Z) and the BHF Accelerator Award (AA/18/3/ 34220). Member of Wellcome Trust Longitudinal Populations studies COVID-19 questionnaire steering group, to design national questionnaire to capture impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the population. KRA is a member of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Diagnostics Advisory Committee, the NICE Decision and Technical Support Units, and is a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator Emeritus [NF-SI-0512-10159]. He has served as a paid consultant, providing unrelated methodological and strategic advice, to the pharmaceutical and life sciences industry generally, as well as to DHSC/NICE, and has received unrelated research funding from Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI), European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries & Associations (EFPIA), Pfizer, Sanofi and Swiss Precision Diagnostics/Clearblue. He has also received course fees from ABPI and is a Partner and Director of Visible Analytics Limited, a health technology assessment consultancy company.