About the Authors

Matias C. Vieira

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Women and Children’s Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil

Sophie Relph

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Women and Children’s Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Walter Muruet-Gutierrez

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Women and Children’s Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Maria Elstad

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Bolaji Coker

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Natalie Moitt

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Women and Children’s Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Louisa Delaney

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Women and Children’s Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Chivon Winsloe

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Women and Children’s Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom, Centre for Pragmatic Global Health Trials, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Andrew Healey

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Implementation Science and King’s Health Economics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Kirstie Coxon

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Kingston University and St. George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom

Alessandro Alagna

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation London Perinatal Morbidity and Mortality Working Group (NHS), London, United Kingdom

Annette Briley

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Women and Children’s Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom, Caring Futures Institute Flinders University and North Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, Australia

Mark Johnson

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Louise M. Page

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation West Middlesex University Hospital, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Isleworth, United Kingdom

Donald Peebles

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation UCL Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Andrew Shennan

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Women and Children’s Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Baskaran Thilaganathan

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fetal Medicine Unit, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom

Neil Marlow

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation UCL Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Lesley McCowan

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Christoph Lees

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Deborah A. Lawlor

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Bristol NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom, Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Population Health Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Asma Khalil

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fetal Medicine Unit, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom

Jane Sandall

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Women and Children’s Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Andrew Copas

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Pragmatic Global Health Trials, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Dharmintra Pasupathy

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Dharmintra.Pasupathy@sydney.edu.au

Affiliations Department of Women and Children’s Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom, Reproduction and Perinatal Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

on behalf of the DESiGN Collaborative Group

Membership of DESiGN Collaborative Group is provided in the Acknowledgments.

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: NM reports personal fees from Takeda, personal fees from RSM Consulting, personal fees from Novartis, outside the submitted work. BT is the Clinical Director of the Tommy’s National Centre for Maternity Improvement based at the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (RCOG); the Centre’s objective is to translate the latest evidence into clinical practice in the UK. DAL has received support from Medtronic Ltd and Roche Diagnostics for research unrelated to that presented here. LP is clinical advisor [and from Sept 2021 deputy clinical director] for Healthcare Safety Investigation Branch maternity investigation programme, President of the British Intrapartum Care Society (BICS), invited member of some RCOG working groups and co-opted member of the British Maternal and Fetal Medicine Society (BMFMS) committee; she also received support from Pharmacosmos for clinical consultancy in work unrelated to that presented here.