About the Authors
- Krishnan Bhaskaran
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Contributed equally to this work with: Krishnan Bhaskaran, Christopher T. Rentsch, George Hickman, William J. Hulme
Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Visualization, Writing – original draft
* E-mail: krishnan.bhaskaran@lshtm.ac.uk
Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Christopher T. Rentsch
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Contributed equally to this work with: Krishnan Bhaskaran, Christopher T. Rentsch, George Hickman, William J. Hulme
Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- George Hickman
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Contributed equally to this work with: Krishnan Bhaskaran, Christopher T. Rentsch, George Hickman, William J. Hulme
Roles Software, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- William J. Hulme
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Contributed equally to this work with: Krishnan Bhaskaran, Christopher T. Rentsch, George Hickman, William J. Hulme
Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Anna Schultze
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Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Helen J. Curtis
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Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kevin Wing
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Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Charlotte Warren-Gash
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Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Laurie Tomlinson
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Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Chris J. Bates
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Roles Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation TPP, TPP House, Horsforth, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Rohini Mathur
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Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Brian MacKenna
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Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Viyaasan Mahalingasivam
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Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Angel Wong
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Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Alex J. Walker
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Roles Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Caroline E. Morton
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Roles Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Daniel Grint
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Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Amir Mehrkar
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Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Rosalind M. Eggo
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Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Peter Inglesby
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Roles Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Ian J. Douglas
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Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Helen I. McDonald
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Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Jonathan Cockburn
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Roles Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation TPP, TPP House, Horsforth, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Elizabeth J. Williamson
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Roles Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- David Evans
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Roles Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- John Parry
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Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation TPP, TPP House, Horsforth, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Frank Hester
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Roles Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation TPP, TPP House, Horsforth, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Sam Harper
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Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation TPP, TPP House, Horsforth, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Stephen JW Evans
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Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Sebastian Bacon
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Roles Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Liam Smeeth
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Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing
¶‡ These authors are joint senior authors on this work.
Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Ben Goldacre
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Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing
¶‡ These authors are joint senior authors on this work.
Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Competing Interests
I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests. The authors declare that: AS is employed by LSHTM on a fellowship sponsored by GSK. CWG is supported by a Wellcome Intermediate Clinical Fellowship (201440/Z/16/Z), and also holds grants from the Alzheimer’s Society, the British Heart Foundation and the Rosetrees Trust for unrelated work. RM has received consulting fees from AMGEN unrelated to the submitted work. ID has received grants from and holds shares in GSK. HIM is funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Vaccines and Immunisation, a partnership between Public Health England and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. JP is an employee of TPP (Leeds) Ltd who own SystmOne. BG has received research funding from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, the NHS National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), the NIHR School of Primary Care Research, the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, the Mohn-Westlake Foundation, NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley, the Wellcome Trust, the Good Thinking Foundation, Health Data Research UK (HDRUK), the Health Foundation, and the World Health Organisation; he also receives personal income from speaking and writing for lay audiences on the misuse of science.