About the Authors

Krishnan Bhaskaran

Contributed equally to this work with: Krishnan Bhaskaran, Christopher T. Rentsch, George Hickman, William J. Hulme

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Visualization, Writing – original draft

krishnan.bhaskaran@lshtm.ac.uk

Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Christopher T. Rentsch

Contributed equally to this work with: Krishnan Bhaskaran, Christopher T. Rentsch, George Hickman, William J. Hulme

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

George Hickman

Contributed equally to this work with: Krishnan Bhaskaran, Christopher T. Rentsch, George Hickman, William J. Hulme

Roles Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

William J. Hulme

Contributed equally to this work with: Krishnan Bhaskaran, Christopher T. Rentsch, George Hickman, William J. Hulme

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Anna Schultze

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Helen J. Curtis

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Kevin Wing

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Charlotte Warren-Gash

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Laurie Tomlinson

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Chris J. Bates

Roles Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation TPP, TPP House, Horsforth, Leeds, United Kingdom

Rohini Mathur

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Brian MacKenna

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Viyaasan Mahalingasivam

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Angel Wong

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Alex J. Walker

Roles Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Caroline E. Morton

Roles Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Daniel Grint

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Amir Mehrkar

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Rosalind M. Eggo

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Peter Inglesby

Roles Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Ian J. Douglas

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Helen I. McDonald

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Jonathan Cockburn

Roles Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation TPP, TPP House, Horsforth, Leeds, United Kingdom

Elizabeth J. Williamson

Roles Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

David Evans

Roles Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

John Parry

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation TPP, TPP House, Horsforth, Leeds, United Kingdom

Frank Hester

Roles Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation TPP, TPP House, Horsforth, Leeds, United Kingdom

Sam Harper

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation TPP, TPP House, Horsforth, Leeds, United Kingdom

Stephen JW Evans

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Sebastian Bacon

Roles Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Liam Smeeth

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Ben Goldacre

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests. The authors declare that: AS is employed by LSHTM on a fellowship sponsored by GSK. CWG is supported by a Wellcome Intermediate Clinical Fellowship (201440/Z/16/Z), and also holds grants from the Alzheimer’s Society, the British Heart Foundation and the Rosetrees Trust for unrelated work. RM has received consulting fees from AMGEN unrelated to the submitted work. ID has received grants from and holds shares in GSK. HIM is funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Vaccines and Immunisation, a partnership between Public Health England and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. JP is an employee of TPP (Leeds) Ltd who own SystmOne. BG has received research funding from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, the NHS National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), the NIHR School of Primary Care Research, the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, the Mohn-Westlake Foundation, NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley, the Wellcome Trust, the Good Thinking Foundation, Health Data Research UK (HDRUK), the Health Foundation, and the World Health Organisation; he also receives personal income from speaking and writing for lay audiences on the misuse of science.