About the Authors

Signe Hässler

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft

signe.hassler@sorbonne-universite.fr (SH); philippe.broet@inserm.fr (PB)

Affiliations CESP, INSERM UMR 1018, Faculty of Medicine, Paris-Sud University, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy (CIC-BTi), Paris, France

Delphine Bachelet

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations CESP, INSERM UMR 1018, Faculty of Medicine, Paris-Sud University, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France, Department of Biostatistical Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris AP-HP.Nord, INSERM CIC-EC 1425, Paris, France

Julianne Duhaze

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliations CESP, INSERM UMR 1018, Faculty of Medicine, Paris-Sud University, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France, CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Canada

Natacha Szely

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation INSERM UMR 996, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris-Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, Châtenay-Malabry, France

Aude Gleizes

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations INSERM UMR 996, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris-Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, Châtenay-Malabry, France, Clinical Immunology Laboratory, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, Paris-Sud University Hospitals, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

Salima Hacein-Bey Abina

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Clinical Immunology Laboratory, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, Paris-Sud University Hospitals, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France, UTCBS, CNRS UMR 8258, INSERM U1022, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris-Descartes-Sorbonne-Cite University, Paris, France

Orhan Aktas

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Düsseldorf, Germany

Michael Auer

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck, Austria

Jerôme Avouac

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Paris University, Paris Descartes University, INSERM U1016, Paris, France, Rheumatology department, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP.CUP, Paris, France

Mary Birchler

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Immunology–Biopharm, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Yoram Bouhnik

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Paris, France, GETAID, Paris, France

Olivier Brocq

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Princess Grace Hospital, Rheumatology, Monaco

Dorothea Buck-Martin

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany

Guillaume Cadiot

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations GETAID, Paris, France, Service d'hépato-gastroentérologie, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France

Franck Carbonnel

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations GETAID, Paris, France, Department of Gastroenterology, AP-HP, Hôpital Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

Yehuda Chowers

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Clinical Research Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel

Manuel Comabella

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat). Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR). Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Tobias Derfuss

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Departments of Biomedicine and Neurology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Niek De Vries

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam UMC | AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Naoimh Donnellan

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ipsen Biopharm Ltd, Berkshire, United Kingdom

Abiba Doukani

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMS Production et Analyse des données en Sciences de la vie et en Santé, UMS 37 PASS, Plateforme Post-génomique de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, P3S, Paris, France

Michael Guger

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Clinic for Neurology 2, Med Campus III, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Linz, Austria

Hans-Peter Hartung

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Düsseldorf, Germany

Eva Kubala Havrdova

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

Bernhard Hemmer

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany, Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany

Tom Huizinga

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

Kathleen Ingenhoven

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Düsseldorf, Germany

Poul Erik Hyldgaard-Jensen

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Elizabeth C. Jury

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Rheumatology Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Michael Khalil

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Austria

Bernd Kieseier

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Düsseldorf, Germany

Anna Laurén

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Svar Life Science, Malmö, Sweden

Raija Lindberg

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Departments of Biomedicine and Neurology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Amy Loercher

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Immunology–Biopharm, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Enrico Maggi

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clínica, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy, Immunology Area of Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy

Jessica Manson

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Rheumatology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom

Claudia Mauri

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Rheumatology Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Badreddine Mohand Oumoussa

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMS Production et Analyse des données en Sciences de la vie et en Santé, UMS 37 PASS, Plateforme Post-génomique de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, P3S, Paris, France

Xavier Montalban

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat). Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR). Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Center for Multiple Sclerosis, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Maria Nachury

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations GETAID, Paris, France, University hospital of Lille, Maladies de l'appareil digestif, Lille, France

Petra Nytrova

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

Christophe Richez

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Rheumatology Department, CHU de Bordeaux-GH Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France, UMR CNRS 5164, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France

Malin Ryner

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Finn Sellebjerg

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Claudia Sievers

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Departments of Biomedicine and Neurology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Dan Sikkema

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Immunology–Biopharm, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Current address: Quanterix Corporation, Billerica, Massachusetts, United States of America

Martin Soubrier

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Rheumatology, University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand, Clermont Ferrand, France

Sophie Tourdot

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation INSERM UMR 996, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris-Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, Châtenay-Malabry, France

Caroline Trang

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations GETAID, Paris, France, Institut des maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France

Alessandra Vultaggio

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clínica, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy

Clemens Warnke

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Düsseldorf, Germany, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Köln, Köln, Germany

Sebastian Spindeldreher

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Drug Metabolism Pharmacokinetics-Biologics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland, Integrated Biologix GmbH, Basel, Switzerland

Pierre Dönnes

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation SciCross AB, Skövde, Sweden

Timothy P. Hickling

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation BioMedicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, United States of America

Agnès Hincelin Mery

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Sanofi, Chilly-Mazarin, France

Matthieu Allez

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations GETAID, Paris, France, Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France

Florian Deisenhammer

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck, Austria

Anna Fogdell-Hahn

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Xavier Mariette

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, INSERM UMR 1184, Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP.Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

Marc Pallardy

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation INSERM UMR 996, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris-Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, Châtenay-Malabry, France

Philippe Broët

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft

signe.hassler@sorbonne-universite.fr (SH); philippe.broet@inserm.fr (PB)

Affiliations CESP, INSERM UMR 1018, Faculty of Medicine, Paris-Sud University, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France, CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Canada, AP-HP, Paris-Sud University Hospitals, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France

ABIRISK consortium

Membership of the ABIRISK consortium is provided in the Acknowledgments.

Competing Interests

I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: SH, DB, JD, NS, AG, MB, DBM, NDV, ND, AD, SHBH, HPH, KI, PEHJ, ECJ, BK, AL, RL, AL, EM, CM, BMO, MR, FS, CS, DS, PD, AHM, MP, and PB declare no conflict of interest. OA reports grants and personal fees from Bayer HealthCare, Biogen, Genzyme, Novartis, Teva and Viela Bio, and personal fees from Almirall, MedImmune, Merck Serono, and Roche. MA received speaker honoraria and/or travel grants from Biogen, Novartis, Merck Serono, and Sanofi. JA has served on scientific advisory boards for Roche, BMS, Abbvie, Nordic, Boerhinger, and Sanofi-Genzyme; he has received speaking honoraria from Pfizer, MSD, BMS, and Novartis; and he has received research grants from BMS and Pfizer. YB received speaker honoraria from Abbvie, Biogaran, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ferring, Fresenius Kabi, Gilead, Hospira, Janssen, Lilly, Mayoli Spindler, Merck, MSD, Norgine, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, Shire, Takeda, and UCB. OB has received institutional fees for consultancy or lectures from Wyeth/Pfizer, AbBVIE, Roche, Chugai, Shering Plough, UCB, Swedish Orphan, Genevrier, Smith & Nephew, BMS, MSD, Celgene, novartis, Janssen, Sanofi, and Lilly. GC participated in advisory boards with AAA, Kéocyt, Ipsen, Novartis, Pfizer; he received honoraria for lectures from Ferring, Abbvie, Janssen,Biogen, Amgen, and Sandoz. YC has received institutional fees for consultancy or lectures from Abbvie, Celtrion, Getting, Pfizer, and Takeda. He received research grants from Takeda and Abbvie. MC has received compensation for consulting services and speaking honoraria from Bayer Schering Pharma, Merk Serono, Biogen-Idec, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi-Aventis, Genzyme, and Novartis. TD’s institution received compensation for his talks and his consultation services on Advisory Boards or Steering Committees of Novartis Pharma, Merck, Biogen, GeNeuro, Mitsubishi Pharma, MedDay, Roche, Actelion, Celgene, and Genzyme; his institution received research support from Biogen, Novartis, and Roche. MG received support and honoraria for research, consultation, lectures and education from Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Genzyme, MedDay, Merck, Novartis, Octapharma, Roche, Sanofi Aventis, Shire and TEVA ratiopharm. EKH: honoraria/research support from Biogen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, and Teva; advisory boards for Actelion, Biogen, Celgene, Merck Serono, Novartis, and Sanofi Genzyme. BH has served on scientific advisory boards for Novartis; he has served as DMSC member for AllergyCare and TG therapeutics; he or his institution have received speaker honoraria from Desitin; he holds part of two patents, one for the detection of antibodies against KIR4.1 in a subpopulation of MS patients and one for genetic determinants of neutralizing antibodies to interferon. All conflicts are not relevant to the topic of the study. TH is a member of the Editorial Board of PLOS Medicine. MK has received funding for travel and speaker honoraria from Bayer, Novartis, Merck, Biogen, Roche, and Teva ratiopharm; serves on scientific advisory boards for Biogen, Merck, and Roche; and received a research grant from Teva ratiopharm. JM has received an unrestricted research grant from Pfizer. XM has received speaking honoraria and travel expenses for scientific meetings and has been a steering committee member of clinical trials or participated in advisory boards of clinical trials in the past years with Bayer Schering Pharma, Biogen Idec, EMD Merck Serono, Genentech, Genzyme, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva Phramaceuticals, Almirall, and Roche. MN has received speaking honoraria from Abbvie, Adacyte, Amgen, Biogen, Ferring, Janssen, MSD, and Takeda. PN has received speaking honoraria from Biogen, Novartis, and Roche. CR has received speaking honoraria from Abbvie, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Janssen, Glenmark, GSK, Lilly, Nordic Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB. MS received speaker honoraria and/or travel grants from Roche, Chugai, Abbvie, BMS, UCB, Pfizer, Novartis, Janssen, Amgen, Biogen, laboratoires Fresenius, Lilly France, Medac, MSD, Sandoz, and Janssen. CT has received speaking honoraria from Abbvie, Ferring, Janssen, MSD, and Takeda. AV has received fee for lectures and advisory board from GSK, Novartis, and AstraZeneca in the last two years. CW has received institutional fees for consultancy, speaking, or research from Novartis, Biogen, Sanofi-Genzyme and Roche. SS is a former employee and has stocks and/or stock options in Novartis. TPH is an employee and shareholder of Pfizer Inc. MA has served on scientific advisory boards for Pfizer, Janssen, Celgene, Genentech/Roche, Takeda, Abbvie, MSD, Ferring, Falk, Mayoli, Tillots, Biogen, and Amgen. FD has participated in meetings sponsored by or received honoraria for acting as an advisor/speaker for Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Celgene, Genzyme-Sanofi, Merck, Novartis Pharma, and Roche. His institution has received research grants from Biogen and Genzyme Sanofi. He is section editor of the MSARD Journal (Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders). AFH has received speaker's fees from Pfizer, Biogen, Merck-Serono, and Sanofi-Genzyme. She has served as prinicipal investigator for projects, or received unrestricted research support from, Biogen Idec and Pfizer. XM has served on scientific advisory boards for BMS, GSK, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB.