About the Authors

Shu Chen

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China

Lei Guo

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China

Zhan Wang

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China

Wenhui Mao

Roles Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Yanfeng Ge

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Research Department of Social Development, Development Research Center, State Council of People's Republic China, Beijing, China

Xiaohua Ying

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Jing Fang

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Health Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China

Qian Long

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China

Qin Liu

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

Hao Xiang

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China

Chenkai Wu

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China

Chaowei Fu

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Di Dong

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China

Jiahui Zhang

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Research Department of Social Development, Development Research Center, State Council of People's Republic China, Beijing, China

Ju Sun

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Political Science and Public Administration, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China

Lichun Tian

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China

Limin Wang

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China

Maigeng Zhou

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China

Mei Zhang

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China

Mengcen Qian

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Wei Liu

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China

Weixi Jiang

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China

Wenmeng Feng

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Research Department of Social Development, Development Research Center, State Council of People's Republic China, Beijing, China

Xinying Zeng

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China

Xiyu Ding

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China

Xun Lei

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

Rachel Tolhurst

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Clinical Sciences and International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Ling Xu

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center of Health Human Resource Development, National Health Commission, Beijing, China

Haidong Wang

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Faye Ziegeweid

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Scott Glenn

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

John S. Ji

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Environment Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China

Mary Story

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Gavin Yamey

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Shenglan Tang

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

shenglan.tang@duke.edu

Affiliation Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: CW provides paid consultant services to HealthKeeperS, a health data analytics company in China; GY is the founder and director of the Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, which received funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation during the period of this study.