About the Authors

John Macleod

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – original draft

john.macleod@bristol.ac.uk

Affiliation Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Colin Steer

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Kate Tilling

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Rosie Cornish

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

John Marsden

Roles Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Tim Millar

Roles Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Mental Health & Safety, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

John Strang

Roles Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Matthew Hickman

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: In the past three years, JMar declares research grants from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR; randomised controlled trial of depot naltrexone for OUD, and a randomised controlled trial of acamprosate for alcohol use disorder); and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust (SLaM; randomised controlled trial of novel cognitive therapy for cocaine use disorder). He has worked part-time as the Senior Academic Advisor for the Alcohol, Drugs, Tobacco and Justice Division, Health and Wellbeing Directorate, PHE and he is a clinical academic consultant for the US National Institute on Drug Abuse, Centre for Clinical Trials Network. JM declares an unrestricted research grant at IoPPN and SLaM from Indivior via Action on Addiction for a completed randomised controlled trial of personalised psychosocial intervention in opioid agonist medication for opioid use disorder and, with MK, unrestricted research grant funding at IoPPN and SLaM from Indivior for a three-year, multi-centre, randomised controlled trial of injectable depot buprenorphine for opioid use disorder (2019-2021). He has received honoraria and travel support from Reckitt-Benckiser (2016; treatment of OUD and PCM Scientific and Martindale for the Improving Outcomes in Treatment of Opioid Dependence conference (2018; contribution and chairing). TM has received research funding from the UK National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse, Public Health England, the Home Office, and Change Grow Live, a 3rd-sector provider of substance misuse services. He has been a member of the organising committee for conferences supported by unrestricted educational grants from Reckitt Benckiser, Lundbeck, Martindale Pharma, and Britannia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, for which he received no personal remuneration. He is a member of the UK Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. JS is a clinician and researcher and has worked extensively with agencies in the addiction treatment fields and addiction-related charities and with government departments and has contributed to clinical guidelines on treatment types and provision. JS’s employer (King’s College London) has received, connected to his work, project grant support and/or honoraria and/or consultancy payments from Department of Health, NTA (National Treatment Agency), PHE (Public Health England), Home Office, NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence), and EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction) as well as research grants from (last 3 years) NIHR (National Institute on Health Research), MRC (Medical Research Council) and Pilgrim Trust. He has also worked with WHO (World Health Organization), UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), EMCDDA, FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) and NIDA (US National Institute on Drug Abuse) and also other international government agencies. JS’s employer (King’s College London) has also received, connected to his work, research grant support and/or payment of honoraria, consultancy payments and expenses from pharmaceutical companies (including, past 3 years, Martindale, Indivior, MundiPharma, Braeburn/Camurus) and trial medication supply from iGen and Braeburn. JS’s employer (King’s College London) has registered intellectual property on an innovative buccal naloxone with which JS is involved, and JS has been named in a patent registration by a Pharma company as inventor of a potential concentrated naloxone nasal spray. For updated information see http://www.kcl.ac.uk/ioppn/depts/addictions/people/hod.aspx. MH acknowledges support from NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation of Interventions and the NIHR School of Public Health Research. MH has received unrelated unrestricted honoraria from Gilead, Abbvie, Jansen and Merck Serono. No other disclosures by the other authors are reported.