About the Authors

Rebecca C. Richmond

rebecca.richmond@bristol.ac.uk

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Nicholas J. Timpson

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Janine F. Felix

Affiliations The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

Tom Palmer

Affiliation Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom

Romy Gaillard

Affiliations The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

George McMahon

Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

George Davey Smith

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Vincent W. Jaddoe

Affiliations The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

Debbie A. Lawlor

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: GDS is a member of the Editorial Board of PLOS Medicine. In addition to grant funding that is acknowledged in the paper and that was relevant to the conduct of the study reported in the paper, the University of Bristol has received funds from public, charity, and industry funders from grants on which DAL is the Principal applicant (UK Medical Research Council, UK Economic and Social Research Council, UK National Institute of Health Research, Wellcome Trust, British Heart Foundation, Roche Diagnostics, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, and Medtronic PLC.) These funders had no impact on any aspect of the work presented in this paper.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: RCR NJT GDS VWJ DAL. Formal analysis: RCR TP GM. Funding acquisition: DAL GDS VWJ JFF NJT. Methodology: RCR JFF TP RG GM. Software: TP GM. Supervision: DAL. Validation: RCR JFF RG VWJ. Visualization: RCR. Writing – original draft: RCR DAL. Writing – review & editing: NJT JFF RG GDS VWJ GM TP.