About the Authors

Raphael E. Arku

Affiliation Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

James E. Bennett

Affiliations MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Marcia C. Castro

Affiliation Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Kofi Agyeman-Duah

Affiliation Ghana Statistical Service, Accra, Ghana

Samilia E. Mintah

Affiliation Ghana Statistical Service, Accra, Ghana

James H. Ware

† Deceased.

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Philomena Nyarko

Affiliation Ghana Statistical Service, Accra, Ghana

John D. Spengler

Affiliation Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Samuel Agyei-Mensah

Affiliation Department of Geography and Resource Development, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana

Majid Ezzati

majid.ezzati@imperial.ac.uk

Affiliations MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Wellcome Trust Centre for Global Health Research, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Analyzed the data: REA JEB. Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: REA JEB ME. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: MCC KAD SEM JHW PN JDS SAM. Agree with the manuscript’s results and conclusions: REA JEB MCC KAD SEM JHW PN JDS SAM ME. Conceived and designed the analyses: REA JEB MCC ME. Contributed data: KAD SEM PN. All authors have read, and confirm that they meet, ICMJE criteria for authorship.