About the Authors

Angelique Hölzemer

Contributed equally to this work with: Angelique Hölzemer, Christina F. Thobakgale

Affiliations Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany, First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg—Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany

Christina F. Thobakgale

Contributed equally to this work with: Angelique Hölzemer, Christina F. Thobakgale

Affiliations Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

Camilo A. Jimenez Cruz

Affiliation Computational Biology Center, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, United States of America

Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran

Affiliation Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jonathan M. Carlson

Affiliation Microsoft Research, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Nienke H. van Teijlingen

Affiliation Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Jaclyn K. Mann

Affiliation HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

Manjeetha Jaggernath

Affiliation HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

Seung-gu Kang

Affiliation Computational Biology Center, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, United States of America

Christian Körner

Affiliations Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany

Amy W. Chung

Affiliation Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jamie L. Schafer

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Division of Microbiology, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America

David T. Evans

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Division of Microbiology, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America

Galit Alter

Affiliation Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Bruce D. Walker

Affiliation Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Philip J. Goulder

Affiliations HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Mary Carrington

Affiliations Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America

Pia Hartmann

Affiliations First Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

Thomas Pertel

Affiliation Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Ruhong Zhou

Affiliation Computational Biology Center, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, United States of America

Thumbi Ndung’u

Affiliations Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany, KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

Marcus Altfeld

marcus.altfeld@hpi.uni-hamburg.de

Affiliations Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany

Competing Interests

PH received travel grants by Abbvie Janssen Cilag and honoraria for speaking at meetings by Janssen Cilag Merck. PH is a member of the Advisory Board “Off label use of otherwise approved drugs in the treatment of HIV-infected patients." MA is a member of the Editorial Board of PLOS Medicine.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: AH CJC WGB NvT AC JC RZ MA. Performed the experiments: AH CJC WGB SK JC. Analyzed the data: JC CJC CK AH CT WGB SK MA AC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JS MC PH CK TP DE BW GA. Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: AH MA. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: AH CJC CT JC MA. Agree with the manuscript’s results and conclusions: AH CT CJC WGB JC NvT JM MJ SK AC CK JS DE GA BW PG MC PH TP RZ TN MA. Enrolled patients: JM MJ CT PG TN. All authors have read, and confirm that they meet, ICMJE criteria for authorship.