About the Authors

Stéphane Helleringer

sh2813@columbia.edu

Affiliation Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

Gilles Pison

Affiliation Research Unit “Mortality, Health, Epidemiology,” French National Institute for Demographic Studies (INED), Paris, France

Bruno Masquelier

Affiliation Université Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium

Almamy Malick Kanté

Affiliations Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania

Laetitia Douillot

Affiliation Research Unit “Mortality, Health, Epidemiology,” French National Institute for Demographic Studies (INED), Paris, France

Géraldine Duthé

Affiliation Research Unit “Mortality, Health, Epidemiology,” French National Institute for Demographic Studies (INED), Paris, France

Cheikh Sokhna

Affiliations URMITE, UMR CNRS 6236, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France, Joint Campus UCAD-IRD of Hann, BP 1386 CP 18524, Dakar, Senegal

Valérie Delaunay

Affiliations Joint Campus UCAD-IRD of Hann, BP 1386 CP 18524, Dakar, Senegal, LPED, UMR151, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SH GP BM GD AMK VD. Performed the experiments: AMK LD SH BM. Analyzed the data: SH BM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SH LD CS VD BM. Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: SH. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: SH GP BM GD AMK LD VD CS. ICMJE criteria for authorship read and met: SH GP BM AMK LD GD CS VD. Agree with manuscript results and conclusions: SH GP BM GD AMK LD VD CS.