About the Authors

Kiichi Nakahira

Contributed equally to this work with: Kiichi Nakahira, Sun-Young Kyung

Affiliations Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America

Sun-Young Kyung

Contributed equally to this work with: Kiichi Nakahira, Sun-Young Kyung

Affiliations Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, South Korea

Angela J. Rogers

Affiliations Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Lee Gazourian

Affiliation Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Sojung Youn

Affiliation Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Anthony F. Massaro

Affiliation Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Carolina Quintana

Affiliation Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Juan C. Osorio

Affiliation Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Zhaoxi Wang

Affiliation Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Yang Zhao

Affiliation Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Laurie A. Lawler

Affiliation Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jason D. Christie

Affiliation Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Nuala J. Meyer

Affiliation Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Finnian R. Mc. Causland

Affiliation Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Sushrut S. Waikar

Affiliation Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Aaron B. Waxman

Affiliation Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Raymond T. Chung

Affiliation Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Raphael Bueno

Affiliation Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Ivan O. Rosas

Affiliation Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Laura E. Fredenburgh

Affiliation Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Rebecca M. Baron

Affiliation Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

David C. Christiani

Affiliations Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Gary M. Hunninghake

Joint senior author on this work with: Gary M. Hunninghake, Augustine M. K. Choi.

Affiliation Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Augustine M. K. Choi

amc2056@med.cornell.edu

Joint senior author on this work with: Gary M. Hunninghake, Augustine M. K. Choi.

Affiliations Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

Competing Interests

All of the authors except SW declare no conflict of interests. SW has declared: “I've received funding for investigator-initiated studies from Merck, Genzyme, Otsuka, and Satellite Healthcare. I've provided consulting services to BioTrends Research Group, Harvard Clinical Research Institute, and GE Healthcare. I serve on a DSMB for Takeda.”

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: KN SK GH AC. Performed the experiments: KN SK SY LG CQ. Analyzed the data: GH KN SK LG AR ZW YZ CQ RMB DC AC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LG AM CQ JO ZW YZ LL JC NM FM SW AW RC RB IR MICU Registry LF RMB DC GH AC. Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: KN SK GH AC. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: KN SK GH AC AR LG LF RMB ZW YZ DC. ICMJE criteria for authorship read and met: KN SK AR LG SY AM CQ JO ZW YZ LL JC NM FM SW AW RC RB IR MICU Registry LF RMB DC GH AC. Agree with manuscript results and conclusions: KN SK AR LG SY AM CQ JO ZW YZ LL JC NM FM SW AW RC RB IR MICU Registry LF RMB DC GH AC. Enrolled patients: LG AM CQ JO LL JC NM FM SW AW RC RB IR MICU Registry LF RMB DC AC.