About the Authors

Nicola Low

low@ispm.unibe.ch

These authors are joint first authors on this work.

Affiliation Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Matthew F. Chersich

These authors are joint first authors on this work.

Affiliations Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Kurt Schmidlin

Affiliation Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Matthias Egger

Affiliation Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Suzanna C. Francis

Affiliation Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Janneke H. H. M. van de Wijgert

Affiliation Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Richard J. Hayes

Affiliation Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Jared M. Baeten

Affiliation Departments of Global Health, Medicine, and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Joelle Brown

Affiliations Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Sinead Delany-Moretlwe

Affiliation Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Hillbrow, South Africa

Rupert Kaul

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Nuala McGrath

Affiliations Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Somkhele, South Africa

Charles Morrison

Affiliation Clinical Sciences Department, FHI, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America

Landon Myer

Affiliations Centre for Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

Marleen Temmerman

Affiliation International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Ariane van der Straten

Affiliation Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Deborah Watson-Jones

Affiliation Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Marcel Zwahlen

Affiliation Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Adriane Martin Hilber

Affiliation Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

ICMJE criteria for authorship read and met: NL MFC KS ME SCF JHHMvdW RJH JMB JB SDM RK NM CM LM MT AvdS DWJ MZ AMH. Agree with the manuscript's results and conclusions: NL MFC KS ME SCF JHHMvdW RJH JMB JB SDM RK NM CM LM MT AvdS DWJ MZ AMH. Designed the experiments/the study: NL MFC ME SCF RJH DWJ AMH. Analyzed the data: NL KS RJH AMH. Collected data/did experiments for the study: MFC JHHMvdW RJH JMB JB SDM RK NM CM LM MT AvdS DWJ AMH. Enrolled patients: JMB JB SDM RK NM CM LM DWJ. Wrote the first draft of the paper: NL. Contributed to the writing of the paper: ME SCF JHHMvdW RJH JMB JB RK NM CM LM MT AvdS DWJ MZ AMH. The contributions to the study of these authors was equivalent. Data management, deriving of study variables: MFC. Contributed data to the individual participant data analysis: SCF. Helped to develop the statistical models and reviewed analysis output: JHHMvdW. Contributed to data and analysis interpretation: JMB. Was the Principal Investigator on one of the component studies in the meta-analysis: CM. Advised on how to conduct the statistical analysis: MZ. Coordinated the colloboration between all included partners and was a PI on the project; contributed to the intrepreptation of results with the analytical team: AMH.