About the Authors
- A. Roderick Escombe
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*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rod.escombe@imperial.ac.uk
Affiliations Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Imperial College London, United Kingdom , Wellcome Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom , Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Perú
- David A. J Moore
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Affiliations Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Imperial College London, United Kingdom , Wellcome Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom , Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Perú, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Robert H Gilman
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Affiliations Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Perú, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Marcos Navincopa
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Affiliations Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Perú, Universidad Nacional Mayor San Marcos, Lima, Perú
- Eduardo Ticona
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Affiliation Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Perú
- Bailey Mitchell
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Affiliation Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., United States of America
- Catherine Noakes
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Affiliation School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Carlos Martínez
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Affiliation Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Patricia Sheen
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Affiliation Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Rocio Ramirez
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Affiliation Universidad Nacional Mayor San Marcos, Lima, Perú
- Willi Quino
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Affiliation Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Armando Gonzalez
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Affiliation Universidad Nacional Mayor San Marcos, Lima, Perú
- Jon S Friedland
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Affiliations Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Imperial College London, United Kingdom , Wellcome Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Carlton A Evans
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Affiliations Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Imperial College London, United Kingdom , Wellcome Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom , Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Perú, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
Competing Interests
All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding this paper, apart from Bailey Mitchell, who invented the ESCS ionizer, which was patented while he was a USDA scientist. The patent is owned by USDA. The senior author, Carlton Evans, has no relationship with Evans Vaccines, which supplied the PPD.
Author Contributions
ARE, DAJM, RHG, MN, ET, BM, CN, AG, JSF, and CAE contributed to the study design, data interpretation, and writing of this manuscript. ARE, CM, PS, RR, and WQ undertook data collection, and CM, PS, RR, and WQ additionally contributed to data interpretation and approved the final manuscript. ARE had access to all data and is the guarantor of the manuscript.