About the Authors

A. Roderick Escombe

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rod.escombe@imperial.ac.uk

Affiliations Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Imperial College London, United Kingdom , Wellcome Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom , Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Perú

David A. J Moore

Affiliations Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Imperial College London, United Kingdom , Wellcome Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom , Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Perú, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Robert H Gilman

Affiliations Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Perú, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Marcos Navincopa

Affiliations Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Perú, Universidad Nacional Mayor San Marcos, Lima, Perú

Eduardo Ticona

Affiliation Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Perú

Bailey Mitchell

Affiliation Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., United States of America

Catherine Noakes

Affiliation School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

Carlos Martínez

Affiliation Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Patricia Sheen

Affiliation Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú

Rocio Ramirez

Affiliation Universidad Nacional Mayor San Marcos, Lima, Perú

Willi Quino

Affiliation Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú

Armando Gonzalez

Affiliation Universidad Nacional Mayor San Marcos, Lima, Perú

Jon S Friedland

Affiliations Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Imperial College London, United Kingdom , Wellcome Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom

Carlton A Evans

Affiliations Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Imperial College London, United Kingdom , Wellcome Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom , Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Perú, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding this paper, apart from Bailey Mitchell, who invented the ESCS ionizer, which was patented while he was a USDA scientist. The patent is owned by USDA. The senior author, Carlton Evans, has no relationship with Evans Vaccines, which supplied the PPD.

Author Contributions

ARE, DAJM, RHG, MN, ET, BM, CN, AG, JSF, and CAE contributed to the study design, data interpretation, and writing of this manuscript. ARE, CM, PS, RR, and WQ undertook data collection, and CM, PS, RR, and WQ additionally contributed to data interpretation and approved the final manuscript. ARE had access to all data and is the guarantor of the manuscript.