About the Authors
- Damon Deming
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Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Timothy Sheahan
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Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Mark Heise
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Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America , Carolina Vaccine Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America , Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Boyd Yount
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Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Nancy Davis
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Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America , Carolina Vaccine Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Amy Sims
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Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Mehul Suthar
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Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America , Carolina Vaccine Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Jack Harkema
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Affiliation Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Alan Whitmore
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Affiliation Carolina Vaccine Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Raymond Pickles
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Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Ande West
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Affiliation Carolina Vaccine Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Eric Donaldson
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Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Kristopher Curtis
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Affiliation United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Robert Johnston
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Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America , Carolina Vaccine Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Ralph Baric
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*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rbaric@email.unc.edu
Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America , Carolina Vaccine Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America , Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
Competing Interests
Experiments described in this manuscript use technology that ND helped develop at the University of North Carolina, and that has been licensed to AlphaVax, Inc., for commercial use. ND is a shareholder in AlphaVax, Inc.
Author Contributions
D. Deming, M. Heise, R. Johnston, and R. Baric designed the study. D. Deming, M. Heise, J. Harkema, A. Whitmore, R. Pickles, R. Johnston, and R. Baric analyzed the data. D. Deming, M. Heise, N. Davis, A. Sims, J. Harkema, R. Pickles, E. Donaldson, K. Curtis, R. Johnston, and R. Baric contributed to writing the paper. D. Deming, T. Sheahan, and B. Yount performed the SARS-CoV mice challenge experiments, the neutralization assays, and prepared tissue for titer and histopathology. T. Sheahan and B. Yount prepared virus using the SARS-CoV infectious cDNA system. K. Curtis, B. Yount, A. Whitmore, N. Davis, and A. West constructed and prepared the VRP vectors and to vaccinate and monitor mice. A. Sims and M. Suthar performed and analyzed the Western blot and in situ experiments, respectively. E. Donaldson generated the phylogenetic trees comparing SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein sequences and contributed to the design of the chimeric GDO3-S construct.