About the Authors

David S Shames

Affiliations Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America , Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America , Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America

Luc Girard

Affiliations Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America , Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America , Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America

Boning Gao

Affiliations Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America , Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America , Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America

Mitsuo Sato

Affiliations Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America , Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America

Cheryl M Lewis

Affiliation Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America

Narayan Shivapurkar

Affiliations Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America , Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America , Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America

Aixiang Jiang

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Charles M Perou

Affiliations Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America , Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Young H Kim

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Jonathan R Pollack

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Kwun M Fong

Affiliation Department of Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

Chi-Leung Lam

Affiliation University Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

Maria Wong

Affiliation University Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

Yu Shyr

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Rita Nanda

Affiliation Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Olufunmilayo I Olopade

Affiliation Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

William Gerald

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America

David M Euhus

Affiliation Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America

Jerry W Shay

Affiliations Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America , Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America , Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America

Adi F Gazdar

Affiliations Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America , Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America , Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America

John D Minna

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: John.Minna@UTsouthwestern.edu

Affiliations Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America , Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America , Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America , Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America

Author Contributions

DSS and JDM designed the study. DSS, BG, NS, AJ, YS, JWS, AFG, and JDM analyzed the data. KMF, CLL, MW, OIO, and DME enrolled patients. DSS, BG, MS, CMP, JRP, KMF, YS, DME, JWS, AFG, and JDM contributed to writing the paper. DSS performed most of the experiments as part of his PhD thesis. LG helped analyze the microarray expression data and wrote the software that was used for part of the analysis. CML and DME were involved with all the experiments using DNA from breast tissue acquired by FNA and assisted in summarizing the methylation data. CMP provided advice on the array analysis. OIO, CMP, and RN organized the collection of breast tumor samples from an ethnically diverse patient population and did preliminary analyses on the data before contributing the samples to the larger study included in this paper. JP and YK performed the array CGH studies at Stanford. WG provided part of the gene expression data for the primary lung tumors and corresponding normal tissues. Some of the methylation studies were performed in AFG's lab. JDM served as supervising mentor for DSS during his thesis work. JDM worked with DSS to develop the project and to assemble the resources used in testing the various methylation markers. Nearly all of the funding for this project came from JDM's peer reviewed grants and private foundation grants.