Fig 1.
Closed-loop cardiovascular LPM:
(a) Right heart model; (b) Left heart model; (c) Closed-loop systemic circulation model; (d) Schematic of the dual hepatic blood supply (red indicates oxygen-rich blood, and blue represents blood with low oxygen content.); (e) Lumped-parameter representation of the hepatic circulation. Some icons were adapted from Bioicons (MIT License, https://bioicons.com/).
Table 1.
Parameters of left and right heart components.
Fig 2.
Triphasic piecewise elastance function: myocardial contraction; myocardial relaxation and complete myocardial relaxation.
Table 2.
Parameters of the elastance function for the left and right ventricles.
Table 3.
Parameters of closed-loop LPM.
Table 4.
Physiological aortic pressure-flow parameters in healthy adults.
Table 5.
Parameter search ranges.
Fig 3.
Loss function value curve.
Fig 4.
Impact of acute liver injury on aortic flow waveform and cardiac output.
Fig 5.
Hepatic vein flow contribution.
Fig 6.
Pressure waveform variations in key cardiac and hepatic regions: (a) portal vein; (b) hepatic artery; (c) hepatic vein; (d) aorta; (e) left ventricle and (f) right atrium.
Some icons were adapted from Bioicons (MIT License, https://bioicons.com/).
Fig 7.
Pressure changes under acute liver injury: (a) Systolic and diastolic blood pressures; (b) Portal and hepatic vein pressures.
Fig 8.
Cardiac function of the left heart ventricle: (a) PV-loop (b) EDV, ESV and SV (c) SW (d) LVEF.
Fig 9.
Results of the variance-based global sensitivity analysis: (a) first-order sensitivity index, (b) total-order sensitivity index.
The sensitivity indices are evaluated for four hepatic vascular parameters with respect to CO, MAP and SW, respectively. Portal vein distal resistance (Rpv_d), hepatic artery distal resistance (Rha_d), sinusoidal resistance (Rhs), and hepatic venous resistance (Rhv).