Table 1.
Mass flow of aortic outlets, defined as percentages of inlet flow.
Table 2.
CFD models overview.
Fig 1.
Location of ROIs in the aortic model.
Shown for the AS case, the ROIs are used for validation and post-processing of the numerical results.
Fig 2.
Validation results of the 4D Flow MRI-based CFD model.
Each plot compares the 4D Flow MRI measured values with the corresponding numerically determined velocities. (a-b) Area-averaged temporal evolution of velocity for H-25 case on ROI B and C, respectively. (c) Linear regression plot for H-25 velocities on ROI A-C and SAG for area-averaged velocities throughout the cardiac cycle. (d-e) Area-averaged temporal evolution of velocity for AS-78 case on ROI B and C, respectively. (f) Linear regression plot for AS-78 velocities on ROI A-C and SAG for area-averaged velocities throughout the cardiac cycle. Dashed grey line represents the x = y line at 45°, revealing no obvious bias in the data. Abbreviations: H-25 – Healthy, 25 year old volunteer, AS-78 – Aortic Stenosis, 78-year old patient, ROI – region of interest.
Fig 3.
Velocity contours at systolic peak.
Shown on sagittal and cross sectional plane ROI. (a) Aortic stenosis case AS-78, (b) synthetic healthy case H-78, (c) healthy case H-25.
Fig 4.
Temporal area-averaged shear stress evolutions and contours.
Shown at their respective peak time frames on ROI A. Upper left: Shear stresses for the aortic stenosis case AS-78. Upper right: Shear stresses for the healthy case H-25. Bottom left: Shear stresses for the synthetic healthy case H-78.
Fig 5.
Turbulent kinetic energy distribution contours.
Displayed on sagittal plane SAG during deceleration for (a) aortic stenosis case AS-78, (b) synthetic healthy case H-78 and (c) healthy case H-25.
Fig 6.
Temporal and spatial helicity distribution.
Upper row: Area-averaged helicity evolution on ROI A and B for AS-78, H-78 and H-25. (a) LNH contour and tangentially projected streamline vectors on ROI A during deceleration peak for AS-78. (b) LNH contour and tangentially projected streamline vectors on ROI A during deceleration peak for H-78. (c) LNH contour and tangentially projected streamline vectors on ROI A during deceleration peak for H-25.