Table 1.
Cell Types and their Rules.
Fig 1.
The black area represents the lymph node follicle, and the gray area represents the surrounding paracortex tissue. Each brown dot represents a follicular dendritic cell. Each blue and teal circle represents a helper T-cell. The afferent lymph flows into the follicle from the right side of the follicle and efferent lymph flows out on the left.
Table 2.
Cytokines, Chemokines, and their Functions.
Fig 2.
B-cell responses to mild antigen stimuli.
(A) Demonstrates the SLPC response. (B) Demonstrates the LLPC response. (C) Demonstrates the memory B-cell response. (D) Demonstrates the regulatory B-cell response. All four B-cell subtypes show a larger response upon second antigen exposure (day 60) compared to the first exposure (day 10). (B, C) The cells produced after the first and second exposure were color-coded black and red, respectively, in order to distinguish the magnitude of response for each exposure. This is necessary since the LLPCs and memory B-cells produced after the first exposure persist well into the second exposure. (A, D) The majority, if not all, of the cells produced after the first exposure die prior to the second exposure.
Fig 3.
B-cell apoptosis, activation, and IL-10 levels during mild antigen stimuli.
(A) Shows the total number of B-cells that undergo apoptosis. There is no appreciable level of apoptosis upon first or second exposures. (B) Shows the average CD21 expression by naïve and memory B-cells. There is no change in CD21 expression upon first or second exposures. (C) Shows the total level of IL-10 secreted by regulatory B-cells. There is a slight increase in the IL-10 levels following second exposure compared to the first exposure, corresponding to the increased regulatory B-cell differentiation.
Fig 4.
B-cell responses to severe antigen challenges seen in sepsis.
(A) Demonstrates the SLPC response. (B) Demonstrates the LLPC response. (C) Demonstrates the memory B-cell response. (D) Demonstrates the regulatory B-cell response. The SLPCs, LLPCs, and memory B-cells demonstrate a roughly 30-day period of low activity after the second exposure on day 60 corresponding to immunosuppresion. On the contrary, the anti-inflammatory regulatory B-cells demonstrate a large spike in activity. (B, C) The cells produced after the first and second exposure were color-coded black and red, respectively, in order to distinguish the magnitude of response for each exposure. This is required since the LLPCs and memory B-cells produced after the first exposure persist well into the second exposure. (A, D) The majority, if not all, of the cells produced after the first exposure die prior to the second exposure.
Fig 5.
B-cell apoptosis, activation, and IL-10 during sepsis.
(A) Shows the total number of B-cells that undergo apoptosis. There is a significant increase in apoptosis after the septic antigen challenge on day 60. (B) Shows the average CD21 expression by naïve and memory B-cells. There is a significant decrease in CD21 expression, and therefore, level of activation, upon the septic antigen challenge. (C) Shows the total level of IL-10 secreted by regulatory B-cells. There is a large increase in the IL-10 levels following the septic exposure.
Fig 6.
B-cell responses amidst increasing levels of background inflammation.
In all panels, the black line represents the B-cell response to the first exposure while the red line represents the response to the second exposure. (A) Shows the maximum SLPC responses in relation to background inflammation. (B)Shows the maximum LLPC responses. (C) Shows the maximum memory B-cell responses. (D) Shows the maximum regulatory B-cell responses.