Fig 1.
Workflow of Multiplexed Ion Beam Imaging User Analysis Interface (MAUI).
Tissue specimens are stained using a mixture of antibodies labeled with elemental mass tags. The samples are rasterized by a primary ion beam that releases the metals of the bound antibodies as secondary ions, which are recorded by a Time of Flight Mass Spec. This results in an n-dimensional image depicting protein expression in the field. Image processing includes removal of cross-channel contamination, noise and aggregates.
Fig 2.
Processing MIBI data using MAUI results in signal similar to Immunohistochemistry.
Shown are serial sections from human colon stained for CD8 by IHC (top left) or MIBI (top right). White arrows indicate cytotoxic T cells in the lamina propria of the gut. Red arrows indicate imaging artifacts including background and cross-channel contamination (bottom left). After processing by MAUI (bottom right) the CD8 signal mirrors the expected histological staining pattern by IHC. Scalebar equals 40μm.
Fig 3.
Removal of cross-channel contamination.
(A-C) Shown are examples for different sources of cross-channel contamination. In all cases a target channel (top row) is contaminated by another channel (middle row) or is correlated with such contamination. MAUI allows to remove this contamination from the target image (bottom row). (D) The first step for removal of cross-channel contamination is to cap, blur and threshold the contaminating channel to generate a binary mask of the contamination. The second is to remove signal where the mask is positive. (E-H) Examples of the resulting image when varying the algorithm parameters, including the Contaminant Cap (E), Gaussian Radius (F), Threshold (G), and the Remove Value (H). (I) The GUI enables to rapidly evaluate these parameters across many points and channels.
Fig 4.
Removal of noise using a K-Nearest-Neighbor (KNN) algorithm.
(A-B) Signal density at each pixel is determined using its K nearest neighbor counts. Shown is an example of the 5 nearest counts (A) and their distances (B) to the central pixel. (C) An example of staining of Histone H3 with noise surrounding the nuclear signal. (D) Shown is the frequency of the average distance to the 25 nearest counts for all pixels in (C). Signal is characterized by short distances (high density), whereas noise is characterized by long distances (low density). The red line is the chosen threshold for denoising, and pixels with large distances to their neighbors will be set to zero. (E) Histone H3 signal after denoising. (F) The average KNN-distribution for Histone H3, same as in (D), after denoising. (G-H) Examples of the resulting image of Histone H3 when varying the algorithm parameters, including the K-value (G) and Threshold (H). (I-J) Examples of the resulting image of a membranous protein, CD8, when varying the algorithm parameters, including the K-value (I) and Threshold (J). (K) The GUI enables to rapidly evaluate these parameters across many points and channels.
Fig 5.
(A) An overview of the aggregate-removal process. Left: An image of denoised Tryptase signal. Aggregates are evident in the top right corner. The image is blurred with a Gaussian filter and then binarized. Objects are extracted from the binary image, and any object small enough is considered an aggregate and removed. (B-C) Examples of the resulting image of Tryptase when varying the algorithm parameters, including the Threshold (B,C) and Blur radius (D-E). (F) The GUI enables to rapidly evaluate these parameters across many points and channels.